The Civil War A Nation Divided Causes 1

The Civil War A Nation Divided

Causes 1. 2. 3. 4. Slavery States Rights Lincoln’s Election Control of Government – “New States”

2 Sides • Union – North • Confederacy – South – Confederate States of America – Secession – to leave a group or union

War Begins • Fort Sumter – last Union held fort in the South • Dilemma for Lincoln and Davis – Attack and cause war or hold back and seem weak • Jefferson Davis chooses war • Virginia leaves the union – BIG loss

Fort Sumter before the war

Fort Sumter after the war

North vs. South 21 million Population 9 million 4 million Eligible for Military 1. 1 million Industrial Workers . 2 million 25 Naval Ship Ratio 1 15 Iron Production Ratio 1 32 Firearm Production Ratio 1 Question: What does this data tell you about the who had an advantage in this war? Does this also give you a preview of who will win this war? Explain.

Strategies North 1. Blockade ports 2. Cut confederacy in 2 at the Mississippi river 3. Capture capital of Richmond, VA *** Anaconda Plan South • Defense, Defense!!! • Attack if possible Question: Who do you think has the better chance for victory based off of these plans? Explain.

Battle of Bull Run Journal • July 21, 1961 – First real battle • Both sides inexperienced • Confederacy inspired by Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson • Seesaw battle, Confederacy takes the field • Union Retreats to Washington D. C.

General “Stonewall” Jackson (C. S. )

Bull Run Creek

Union Army Grows • Lincoln appoints Gen. George Mc. Clellan to lead the Union army • Over 1 million northerners enlist in the Union army after bull run General Mc. Clellan (U. S. )

Fighting in the West • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant commands the union in the west • Fighting over access to rivers • “no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted” - Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Question: Why was water so important to both armies during the war?

General Ulysses S. Grant (U. S. )

Battle of Shiloh Journal • Grant gathered his men in a small Tenn. Church named Shiloh • Sneak attack in the morning hours by the Conf. • Counter attack and victory the next day by the union • Lessons Learned: send out scouts, dig trenches, build forts

Painting depicting the Battle of Shiloh

Road sign in remembrance of the Battle of Shiloh

Union Captures Southern Port • April 1862 Union ships capture New Orleans • Question: Why would New Orleans be such an important city to control during the Civil War?

War Technology • Ironclads – fortified ships built of metal • Rifle and Minie Ball – much more accurate and deadly than muskets • Primitive landmines and grenades

Ironclad Ship

Civil War Rifle Minie Ball bone wound Musket Ball and Minie Ball

Civil War era grenade (primitive)

Battle of Antietam Journal • September 17, 1862 - Maryland • Robert E. Lee is appointed leader of Conf. Army • Conf. army wins the second battle of Bull run and plans on marching on D. C. • Mc. Clellan discovers that Conf. army has split into 2 groups on Antietam Creek • Mc. Clellan’s men simply out lasted the Conf. due to numbers • Bloodiest single day in US history – 26, 000 dead, Union victory

Aftermath of the Battle of Antietam

Casualties at the Battle of Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation • A document that declared slaves free behind Confederate lines – No slaves freed immediately • Designed as a weapon of war – Freed slaves would join the fight

Question: What does this cartoon infer about the effects that the Emancipation Proclamation will have on the slaves and the US?

Political Problems • Copperheads – northern democrats that wanted peace • Conscription – a draft that would force certain people to serve in the military – Men ages 20 - 45 – You could buy your way out for $300 – Only 8% of Union army were drafted • Draft Riots

African American Soldiers • • • 180, 000 union soldiers were African-Am. Most joined after emancipation proclamation Less pay than whites If captured, they were killed on the spot Question: Why do you think that most African -Am. waited until after the emancipation proclamation to join the army?

All black regiments in the Union Army

Economic Issues • Southern food shortages – Inflation ( $6. 65 to $68 a month for food) • Northern economy grows rapidly – But still had inflation • Congress passes an income tax – the government taking a certain percent of a persons income. • Question: How would the combination of inflation and income tax effect the average worker?

Conditions of War • Death everywhere – fear • Neighbor vs. Neighbor – Brother vs. Brother • Poor hygiene – Body lice, dysentery, diarrhea • Food shortages or bad food • No proper disposal of waste

Overcrowded camps Question: How does this picture depict conditions during the Civil War that would have led to severe medical issues?

Civil War Camps

Civil War Medicine • Field Hospitals • Minie Ball wound often caused amputation – Bone saw and chlorophorm - Anesthetic: A substance that causes lack of feeling or awareness. • Little, if any, sterilization – killing of germs to prevent disease • Government tries to clean it up – Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix

Outdoor hospital tent

Civil War operating table

Tool used to administer chloroform

Bone saw Amputated legs Amputee

Table showing how the number of illness dropped as medical condition improved throughout the Civil War

Battle of Chancellorsville, VA Journal • May 2, 1863 • Easy Confederate victory – Union Retreat • Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot by one of his own men – Loses an arm, catches pneumonia and dies

Battle of Gettysburg, PA Journal • July 1 -3, 1863 • Small Conf. group invades in search of shoes • Union gives up the town but holds the hills around the city • 3 solid days of fighting • Pickett’s Charge – last Conf. effort • Union holds on to win – turning point • Deadliest battle – nearly 50, 000 dead or wounded

Map of the Battle of Gettysburg

Battle field after the Battle of Gettysburg

Soldiers lying dead in a trench after Gettysburg

Battle of Vicksburg, MS Journal • Last Conf. fort on the Mississippi • Grant sends troops to take out railroads to distract the Conf. – it works!!! • String of small battles leading to Vicksburg – Union wins battle after battle gaining confidence • Siege on Vicksburg – cut off all supply lines – Starve them out, shoot cannons in • July 4, 1863 after 18 days the Conf. give up Vicksburg – Union takes total control of the Mississippi and cuts the Union in half.

Map of the Battle of Vicksburg

Gettysburg Address • Speech commemorating a cemetery at Gettysburg • Changed America’s opinion of America – “All men are created equal” – “of the people, by the people, for the people”

Gettysburg Address Click video to start

Grant vs. Lee • Grant appointed new leader of Union Army’s • Lee could not keep up with the amount of men – The North could lose men and easily replace them, the south was running out – South was losing morale

Sherman’s March • Grant orders William Tecumseh Sherman to take out the port city of Atlanta • Captures, loots, plunders, and burns most cities on the way and on the way back. • Total destruction of everything in his path • Victory is at hand • Lincoln win election of 1864

Destruction of southern railroads during Sherman’s March

Painting showing the destruction of towns during Sherman’s March

War comes to an end… • After many defeats by Grant and Sherman Conf. leaders abandon capitol and burn it as they leave • Robert E. Lee signs a formal surrender on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.

Painting depicting Robert E. Lee singing the surrender at Appomattox Court House

Appomattox Court House