THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY

QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT • Why was the civil rights movement concentrated in the South? • Why did the civil rights movement begin in the 1950 s? • Why was non-violence used in the early stages and why did it give way to violence? • How did politics play a role in civil rights reform?

BACKGROUND • African-Americans had been denied basic civil rights since the founding of the country.

THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLES • Slavery • Jim Crow laws-Plessy v. Ferguson • De jure segregation ( by law) • De facto segregation ( by coincidence; usually living patterns) • Restricted voting rights • Low pay • Unemployment • Low political representation

ISSUES • Federal power vs. states rights • Gradual change vs. immediate change • Violent vs. non-violent protest • Enforcement of existing laws • Integration vs. separation • Political ramifications

SEGREGATED EDUCATION

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION-1954 What had allowed segregation in schools? The Brown family

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION-1954 • Supreme Court unanimously rules that segregated schools are unconstitutional

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION Warren Court Why could segregation in education NEVER be equal?

ROSA PARKS • Arrested for sitting in a white’s only bus seat • Incident triggers the modern civil rights movement

MONTGOMERY • A bus boycott is begun that will last over a year

MONTGOMERY • Why was economic protest used to gain civil rights?

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. • Baptist preacher who promotes civil disobedience to protest discrimination

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. • What allowed Martin Luther King to become the leader of the civil rights movement?

LITTLE ROCK INCIDENT Elizabeth Eckford confronted by angry mob The Little Rock 9 • African-American students are prohibited from entering Central High School by the Governor

LITTLE ROCK INCIDENT • President Eisenhower sends federal troops to allows the students to enter Central High School • Why did the President have to get involved during the crisis?

SOUTHERN RESISTANCE Why did many southern states resist integration?

THE LOST YEAR High schools in Little Rock were closed in 1958 -59

GREENSBORO 4 N. C. A&T students sit-in at a lunch counter at Woolworth’s What effect would the sit-in have on the civil rights movement?

FREEDOM RIDES • Civil rights activists ride into the South to make sure transportation facilities were integrated

FREEDOM RIDES What was the South’s reaction to the Freedom Rides?

UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI James Meredith Integrated in 1962 despite attempts by the governor to stop it

UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA George Wallace blocking integration James Hood and Vivian Jones • Integrated in 1963 despite attempts by governor to stop it • Integration enforced by President Kennedy

THE ALBANY MOVEMENT • Protest movement in Georgia to end segregation and discrimination • One of the first attempts to try and force a city to end segregation

BIRMINGHAM-1963 • Protest against discrimination led by Martin Luther King Jr. that turned violent when police broke it up

BIRMINGHAM How did the Birmingham protest and the reaction affect the civil rights movement?

KENNEDY AND CIVIL RIGHTS How would Birmingham affect President John Kennedy?

THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON • Event to call attention to the poverty and discrimination of African. Americans • Martin Luther King delivered his I Have a Dream speech

BIRMINGHAM-1963 • 4 girls killed by a bomb blast in a church

FREEDOM SUMMER-1964 • Movement to increase the amount of African-Americans registered to vote

FREEDOM SUMMER-1964 3 workers later found dead Why was there white southern resistance to Freedom Summer?

MALCOLM X • Activist who believed in black nationalism/separatism • Assassinated in 1965 Why did the black separatist/nationalist movement begin?

BLACK POWER Stokely Carmichael U. S. athletes at the 1968 Olympics What was the goal of black power?

BLACK PANTHERS Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Why did some groups become more radical?

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT-1964 • Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race

TH 24 AMENDMENT How did this amendment help African-Americans?

SELMA MARCH Bloody Sunday • Protest march to Montgomery to end voting discrimination and gain voting rights for African-Americans

VOTING RIGHTS ACT-1965 • Ended the use of literacy tests and other obstacles to voting

AFRICAN-AMERICAN VOTING REGISTRATION

AFRICAN-AMERICAN PARTY AND VOTING • Why do African-Americans tend to • identify and vote Democratic?

1968 ASSASSINATIONS MLK April 4, Memphis RFK June 5, Los Angeles Why would these events have an effect on the civil rights movement?

RIOTS-1965 Watts Harlem What caused riots to occur during the movement?

LOVING V. VIRGINIA The Supreme Court struck down state laws banning interracial marriage in 1967

THURGOOD MARSHALL The first African-American to serve on the Supreme Court Served from 1967 -1991

EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • End of legal discrimination • Integration of public education • End of voting obstacles; equal voting rights • Federal protection of civil rights • Transformation of the South into Republican territory • African-Americans become Democrats • Southern opposition to federal law; support for states rights