THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Roots of the

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Roots of the Civil Rights Movement

th th th 13 , 14 , 15 AMENDMENTS RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 13 TH AMENDMENT OUTLAWED SLAVERY 14 TH AMENDMENT MADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW 15 TH AMENDMENT GUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE 13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS, VOTE

The 13 th, 14 th and 15 th Amendments were suppose to protect the rights of African Americans under the U. S. Constitution… But they did not because of a ruling by the U. S. Supreme Court…

PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896) U. S. Supreme Court case that made segregation legal in the United States Established the principle of “separate but equal” Homer Plessy

PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896) “Separate but equal” meant that minorities were not allowed in the same places as whites Southern states passed laws that legalized segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws

For the next 70 years, Jim Crow laws dominated society in the South for African Americans Unequal jobs, housing, beaches, restaurants, schools, hospitals, transportation

Jackie Robinson First African American baseball player Endured death threats Treated poorly But won the hearts of millions!

BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION (1954) African American girl sued for the right to go to the school of her choice – and WON! Ruling overturned the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson case and outlawed segregation in public schools

BROWN v. BOARD of Supreme Court ruled EDUCATION segregation of public schools was unconstitutional Ruling gave improved educational opportunities to African Americans

BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall (center) argued the case to end segregation Marshall later became the first African American on the U. S. Supreme Court

Other Rulings Hernandez v Texasending the exclusion of Mexican Americans in trial juries. (in the same month as Brown v BOE Sweatt v Painter Mc. Laurin v Oklahoma State Both cases failed to provide equal educational experiences

Little Rock Arkansas 1957 School board begins a SLOW desegregation. Nine teens sign up to go to Central High School. Gov. Orval Faubus protests gets the Arkansas National Guard to stop their entrance. Pres. Eisenhower acts with Federal Troops allowing entrance, staying with them for the entire year.

Civil Rights Act of 1957 Pres. Eisenhower signs Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law. Small victory Protected rights of minorities But lacked power and conviction

The Movement Begins Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of the bus Parks is arrested, setting off a motion of events

Montgomery Bus Boycott Outraged over Park’s arrest, African Americans organize a boycott of Montgomery’s Public Transportation System in 1956 African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus African Americans carpooled, took taxis, or walked to avoid taking the bus After a year, the city of Montgomery was ordered to end its segregation policy

A leader emerges The person who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta. His name was Martin Luther King, Jr. The boycott of the busing system of Montgomery gained King national prominence MLK leaving a bus after the boycott ends

Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born in Atlanta, GA • Southern Baptist Minister • Led Montgomery Bus Boycott • Leader of the Civil Rights Movement • Often compared to Mohandas Gandhi • Advocated non-violent protests • Urged followers to disobey unjust laws • Was arrested 30 times

Martin Luther King: A powerful speaker. . . there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression. … I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong. . . -- MLK King following his first arrest

Types of Protests Relied on non-violent civil disobedience to reveal the injustices of segregation *Marches *Freedom Riders *Sit-ins * Wade-ins * Read-ins

Civil Rights Marches were the most common form of protests used during the Civil Rights Movement Protestors would march peacefully in attempt to draw national attention for their cause

Sit-ins Blacks were denied service at lunch counters They sat at the counter until they were served or arrested Students who participated in the sit-ins refused to become violent Sit-ins raised the awareness of the discrimination that was occurring

Freedom Riders Blacks and whites traveled into the South to draw attention to the South’s segregation of bus terminals When Freedom Riders arrived at various cities in the South, white mobs attacked them One bus was bombed, another attacked by a mob.

Coming up next: Movement gains national attention… …and also becomes violent

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Key events of the Civil Rights Movement

Leaders of Civil Rights Movement Malcolm X Medgar Evers Martin Luther King, Jr. Stokley Carmic hael rks a P a Ros

“WE SHALL OVERCOME” “We Shall Overcome” became the battle cry of the Civil Rights Movement Protestors often sang the song during civil rights marches

P C A n o A i t a N ci o s s t A n e l a m e on c i t n a a v N d e l A p e o e h for t olored P of C SCL C Sou Lea thern Chr der ship istia Cou n nci l Civil Rights Organizations Stu Coo dent rdin Non -vio atin len g. C t om mit tee SNC C l a i c a R f o s s re y g t i n l o a C u q E E R CO

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The movement gains national attention Clockwise, from right, integration of Little Rock Central; bombing of 16 th Street Baptist Church ; lynching of Emmitt Till; violence in Birmingham; murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi

Odyssey of Emmitt Till was a 14 -year-old from Chicago whose murder in 1955 made national news Till was lynched and murdered after he said “bye baby” to a white woman who was the cashier at a store while visiting his cousin in Money, Mississippi Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral

Ending school segregation In 1957, a federal court ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans to attend the school Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Guard to “keep the peace” On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students were denied entrance

Ending school segregation Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” graduated, but the incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South The Little Rock Nine U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in federal troops to enforce the Supreme Court ruling

Ending school segregation James Meredith enters Ole Miss James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to attended classes

Ending school segregation Wallace fights segregation Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama President Kennedy sends federal marshals to enforce the federal law George "The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations. "

Violence in Birmingham At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent people from marching The incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

Violence in Birmingham, Alabama, was regarded as the most segregated city in the South Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was nicknamed “Bombingham” The bombing of the 16 th Street Baptist Church killed four innocent girls

Violence in Other Cities— RIOTS Watts (neighborhood in L. A. ), California Newark, New Jersey Detroit, Michigan… 43 dead and $50 million in damages

Mississippi Burning murders In the summer of 1964, dubbed Freedom Summer - three civil rights workers came up missing in, Mississippi Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan Michael Schwerner James Chaney Andrew Goodman

March on Washington To support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, Martin Luther King, Jr. , organized a massive march on Washington, D. C. , as a show of support for the bill On August 28, 1963, more than 200, 000 demonstrators gathered peacefully at the nation’s capital

MLK: “I have a dream” It was during the March on Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr. , gave his “I Have a Dream” speech Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and equality for all Americans The March on Washington and Martin Luther King’s speech helped to lead to the…

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Despite strong opposition from Southern senators, President Lyndon B. Johnson got Congress to pass the bill Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theaters

th 24 Amendment The 24 th Amendment, ratified in 1964, helped to guarantee the right to vote for African Americans. It It abolished poll taxes, which were fees that had to be paid in order to vote in national elections SNCC and SCLC increased their voter registration drives in the South

Selma March/Bloody Sunday

Selma March/Bloody Sunday An attempt to pressure the federal government to enact voting rights Edmund Pettus Bridge, route from Selma to Montgomery State troopers try to stop the march Television coverage OUTRAGED the nation

Voting Rights Act of 1965 The violence in Selma infuriated President Johnson and led to the federal government to step in again Johnson to propose a new voting rights law and, in early August, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law "By the way, what's the big word? " It authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local officials who tried to keep blacks from voting

Movement takes a different direction

Malcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement leader who advocated the use of violence to gain African American rights

Malcolm X Minister of The Nation of Islam Preached for self-reliance & self protection Believed in separation of races & racial unity Breaks away from the Nation of Islam Makes a pilgrimage to Mecca, returning to the U. S. willing to consider “limited” acceptance of whites Killed in Feb. 1965 Three members of Nation of Islam convicted of his murder

The Black Panthers were the group during the Civil Rights Movement that urged African Americans to fight for their rights The Black Panthers were led by former SNCC leader Stokley Carmichael They provided neighborhood watches, & gave poor black children free breakfast.

The Black Panthers Carmichael – uses the term Black Power to use economic & political muscle to gain equality. To whites, it meant black violence. They shocked people when they entered Sacramento carrying shotguns to protest attempts of restrict their right to bear arms.

Martin Luther King assassinated Tragedy struck on April 4, 1968, when Martin Luther King was assassinated Riots break out across the U. S. In Washington 3, 000 are arrested MLK’s friend, Rev. Abernathy, pleaded for calm, urging to honor King’s non-violent legacy, but Lincoln Lynch (United Black Front) called to abandon King’s concepts MLK was in Memphis, TN for a march for Sanitation Workers The assassination of Martin Luther King marked the end of the civil rights movement

High Price of Fighting Racial Discrimination Assassinations of: Medgar Evers James Meredith (not killed) Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X

Coming up next: Other groups fight for their rights Latinos, Native Americans, women