The Civil Rights Movement and Political Party Shift

The Civil Rights Movement and Political Party Shift 8 -7. 2 and 8 -7. 3 EQ #1: How did African Americans finally achieve Civil Rights in South Carolina? EQ #2: How did the ‘Solid South’ change politically during the Civil Rights movement?

EASY 100 QUIZ GRADE!!! These notes contain a lot of checkpoint questions and one short reading assignment. So, for all of your hard work…………………. You will receive a 100 quiz grade if you turn them in with all questions answered at the beginning of class on Wednesday, April 23 rd. Please use your textbook to help you figure out difficult questions. The page numbers are located beneath each standard at the top of your paper. I will help you figure out answers only after you have attempted to find the answers yourself. Thank you!

8 -7. 2 Analyze the movement for civil rights in South Carolina, including the impact of the landmark court cases Elmore v. Rice and Briggs v. Elliot; civil rights leaders Septima Poinsette Clark, Modjeska Monteith Simkins, and Matthew J. Perry; the South Carolina school equalization effort and other resistance to school integration; peaceful efforts to integrate beginning with colleges and demonstrations in South Carolina such as the Friendship Nine and the Orangeburg Massacre.

8 -7. 3: Explain changing politics in South Carolina, including the role of Strom Thurmond, the shift from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party, the increasing political participation of African Americans and women, and the passage of the Education Improvement Act (EIA).

Unfair Treatment of African Americans from Colonial Times and On (txtbk. Pages 59 -60) Slave Codes (Negro Act of 1740): After the Stono Rebellion(1739), Slave Codes were established to put a tight control on the rights of blacks 1. ) Cannot hold a meeting w/o permission or a white man present 2. ) Could not learn to read or write 3. ) Could not own money 4. ) Cannot be freed w/o permission of the government 5. ) Cannot travel w/o permission 6. ) Could not raise their own food

Denmark Vesey (1822): Slave Revolt (txtbk. pages 124 -125) – Added on rules to the old Negro Act of 1740 1. ) no free black who left SC could return 2. ) If anyone helped a slave revolt, he or she could be executed * Why did whites fear a slave revolt?

Dred Scott Decision (1857): (txtbk. page 149) - Court’s Decision = African Americans are NOT citizens of the U. S. (even if born in the U. S. ) and they have no rights to sue in the Supreme Court and have NO rights at all.

Reconstruction Acts/ Equality Amendments (passed after the Civil War) 13 th Amendment: Ended slavery after Civil War 14 th Amendment: Granting citizenship - overruled the Dred Scott Decision – prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property – Equal protection under the law 15 th Amendment: Black Males have the right to vote. (Suffrage= the right to vote)

Disfranchise: Take away their right to vote – – Eight Box Law Poll Tax Grandfather Clause Literacy Test Rise of Jim Crow Laws (txtbk. Pages 236 -237) – 1896 – Supreme Court ruled that laws separating the races was legal – Separate-but-equal facilities satisfied the 14 th amendment’s requirements for equal protection under the law. – Case known as – Plessy v Ferguson

Jim Crow Laws (txtbk. pages 236 -237) The laws restricted the freedoms of African Americans had to attend different schools. African Americans had to use different facilities. African Americans weren’t given equal protection by the law or courts. African Americans were discouraged from voting

Segregation (pages 236 -237) Plessy v Ferguson (1896) was the court case which made segregation legal, as long as it was equal. Every public place had separate sections – African Americans could only use certain parts of state parks – Public buildings had separate bathrooms and water fountains – African Americans had to sit in the back of buses and in the balconies of movie theaters – African Americans could not eat in certain restaurants

Fight for Equality The movement for Civil Rights in the U. S. was continuous from the colonial period Even with African Americans fighting on the American side in WWII, the movement for civil rights will accelerate with the “Double V” slogan, "victory abroad, victory at home. " This movement will prove successful with the help of leaders like Martin Luther King, the influence of mass media and important Supreme Court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education.

Checkpoint Questions 1) What court case established segregation, as long as it was equal? 2) What amendment overturned Dred Scott and guarantees equality under the law for everyone? 3) What were the Jim Crow laws? Were Jim Crow legal under Plessy v. Ferguson? 4) Was segregation during the 1900’s in the US “separate but equal”? 5) Why was segregation during the 1900’s unconstitutional?

Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement The NAACP and the Fight for Equality Many Civil Rights organizations fought for the fulfillment of the promises of the Declaration of Independence (13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments): – The most important was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). – The NAACP used the court system and legal action to gain civil rights.

Elmore vs. Rice (1947) (page 297) The NAACP took the legal approach and brought cases to the courts that challenged the practice of discrimination and laid the groundwork for change. Challenged the exclusion of Af. Am. voters from participation in the S. C. Democratic Party’s selection of political candidates. The Democratic Party had won elections in SC since Reconstruction (1865 -1877). – So, the white primary was unconstitutional b/c it took away African American’s voice in elections.

Effects of Elmore v. Rice Elmore vs. Rice (1947) – the court ruled that the all white primary was unconstitutional. African Americans, who continued to face white hostility, still had to overcome the intimidation but they now had the opportunity to impact the selection of candidates and subsequently the eventual officeholders in the solidly Democratic South Carolina.

Checkpoint Questions 1) When the NAACP brought Elmore v. Rice to court, what did they claim was the problem? 2) Which Amendment did this violate? 3) How did this problem affect African American political participation in elections in SC? 4) What was the result of Elmore v. Rice? 5) Why was the all-white Democratic primary unconstitutional?

Segregated Schools (page 298) Under Plessy v. Ferguson, the law claims that the schools are to be “Separate but Equal; ” however, the schools were Separate but NOT equal. In 1951, the state of South Carolina spent $166. 45 per year on each white student and $44. 32 on each black student White children were taken to school on a bus, while black children had to walk

How Do These Pictures Compare? Which school would you rather go to?

Does this look “separate but equal” to you?

Is this how the Plessy v. Ferguson judges meant for the 14 th amendment and their ruling to turn out?

The story of Briggs v. Elliot page 298 Parents of some African American students in Clarendon County, South Carolina requested a bus to take their children to their allblack school. Some children had to walk 18 miles to and from school each day. – – County’s 2, 375 white children = 30 school buses County’s 6, 531 black children = 0 school buses

The story of Briggs v. Elliot Parents felt that the “Separate but Equal” doctrine should require the school district to pay for gas and repairs on the bus the families had bought for their children. J. A. Delaine was the main character who taught school and was a pastor at a local church. – Because of his actions, he lost his teaching position and his house was burned down.

Briggs v Elliott was argued in the federal district court in Charleston by Thurgood Marshall. He was an attorney for the NAACP and later a Supreme Court Judge. African Americans lost in the district court, so the NAACP appealed the decision to the Supreme Court with the help of Modjeska Monteith Simkins.

Modjeska Simkins Thurgood Marshall Judge W. Waring Rev. J. A. Delaine

The End of Segregation The Briggs v Elliott was the first of five cases that went along with a bigger case on segregation. (page 298) – Brown v Board of Education Supreme Court ruled that separate was unequal, that the only way for true equality was to integrate schools (May 1954). The US Supreme Court also ruled that African American students should be integrated into classrooms with white children with “all deliberate speed”.

Brown vs. Board of Education

Check Point ? s 1. ) What court case was the basis for segregated schools and public facilities? 2. ) What was the significance of Elliot v. Rice? 3. ) What was the significance of the Briggs v. Elliott case? 4. ) What did the Supreme Court rule in the Brown vs. Board of Education? 5. ) How do these court cases affect you today? Would your education be different? How?

Integration in SC and The Political Party Shift Review: Political Parties and Civil Rights – Before the Civil War, abolitionists and freesoilers joined together to form a new political party with the goal of ending slavery, the Republicans. (page 150) – Democrat Wade Hampton “redeems” SC from the Radical Republicans after federal troops leave SC in 1877. (p. 210)

Political Party Shift Begins w/ FDR (pages 308 -310) – The Democratic president FDR opens WW 2 wartime jobs to African Americans, so many to move off SC farms for better opportunities in the cities of the North and West. – Harry Truman (the president after FDR, also a Dem. ) desegregates the US military right after WW 2. – Truman’s actions anger SCers so much that SC Senator Strom Thurmond and other Southerners walk out of the national Dem. Convention in 1948 and form their own party, the Dixiecrats. – Strom Thurmond runs for president in 1948 as a Dixiecrat and wins SC, but not the presidency. – After losing the election, Thurmond and friends return to the Democratic party.

Check Point Questions 1) Did African Americans vote Republican or Democrat in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s? 2) Did white SCers vote Democrat or Republican? 3) Who won elections in SC during the 1940’s, Democrats or Republicans? Why? 4) Why had the South voted for Democrats instead of Republicans since the Civil War?

South Carolina’s Reaction to School Integration (page 300) SC launched a statewide effort to improve education by making separate Af. Am. schools equal to schools for whites – Trying to remain segregated under the Plessy “separate by equal” doctrine. Massive building program is known as the equalization effort.

South Carolina’s Reaction to School Integration (page 300) Modern schools for Af. Am. students were built throughout the state. Equalization effort = not successful in persuading the courts that “separate but equal” should be upheld – Brown ruling was met with widespread and sometimes violent opposition – Causing delay after delay. – Led by SC Governor James F. Byrnes

The Southern Manifesto (pages 309 -310) Strom Thurmond authored the Southern Manifesto, signed by all but 3 congressmen from the Deep South (101 in total). – The document condemned the Brown decision for upsetting the relationship of whites and African Americans in the South. – Encouraged resistance to desegregation, also called integration.

The State Development Board (1954) (page 328) Strom Thurmond fought very hard against integration. However, he also had created the State Development Board in 1954, whose purpose was to convince businesses to move here and to attract people to move to SC from other parts of the country and world and to invest money in SC.

Strom Thurmond switches from Democrat to Republican Please read page 309 -310 in your textbook. 1) What party did Strom Thurmond belong to before 1964? 2) What were Strom Thurmond’s views on segregation before the mid 1960’s? 3) Why did he switch to the Republican party in 1964? 4) How did Thurmond’s views on civil rights change after 1965?

Acts of Protest Against Segregation (page 303) SC leaders had resisted integration and civil rights for decades, but they also had a strong desire to attract economic investment to the state – Pictures of protests and violence in other southern states carried on nationwide TV and in newspapers – Did not encourage such investments

In 1963, SC began to slowly and deliberately integrate public facilities. Similar actions were taken in other southern states. By the early 1970 s, there was desegregation in most of South Carolina’s public schools.

South Carolina Begins to Integrate (page 303) Beginning first with Clemson College followed by the University of South Carolina. – State colleges were integrated w/o the violence which engulfed campuses in other southern states. This relatively peaceful integration of public facilities in SC was marred by the violence of the Orangeburg Massacre (discussed towards the end of the notes)

Checkpoint ? ’s 1) How might businesses feel about moving to SC if they see violence and racism on TV? 2) Why did Strom Thurmond and other SC leaders eventually agree to integrate? 3) What was the “Southern Manifesto”? 4) What political party was Strom Thurmond a member of when he wrote this manifesto? 5) Why did Strom Thurmond form the Dixiecrat political party?

Checkpoint Questions continued 6) Why did African Americans begin to vote Democrat for the first time after WW 2? 7) Why do white SCers begin to vote Republican during the 1950 s and 1960 s? 8) Please explain how our two political parties (Democrat and Republican) shifted and many people switched sides during the post-WW 2 era. 9) What year did Brown v. Board outlaw segregation? When did SC begin to integrate schools? 10) Why did SC leaders finally agree to integrate our schools, almost 20 years after Brown v. Board?

Civil Rights Movement in Full Swing (pages 300 -301) In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that people could not be told where to sit on a bus based on skin color – South Carolina ignored the ruling African Americans began the civil rights movement to gain the same rights as whites There were marches and protests throughout the country – Most of the violence was concentrated in Alabama and Mississippi

States were forced to take out racist laws in the 1950 s and 1960 s (page 310) Civil Rights Act of 1964 President Lyndon Johnson signed the – This document outlawed discrimination in restaurants, churches, hotels, and other public places and businesses – Guaranteed “Equal Protection of the Laws” as established in the 14 th Amendment – Outlawed discrimination in the workplace and provided additional job opportunities for African Americans when enforced – LBJ also signed the –Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and The Voting Rights Act of 1965 African Americans began to have a voice in state government In 1960, there were 58, 000 registered African American voters in South Carolina and that number jumped to 191, 000 by 1966

South Carolina Civil Rights Leaders (page 306) Septima Poinsette Clark: Public school teacher – She sought equal pay for Af. Am. and white teachers along w/ the NAACP – Left SC when state legislature passed a bill saying that public employees could not belong to a civil rights organization. – She later taught at the Highlander Fold School in Tennessee, where many civil rights leaders learned the strategy of nonviolent direct action, also called nonviolent resistance.

South Carolina Civil Rights Leaders Modjeska Simkins: teacher and public health worker. - Active member of the NAACP - Participated in the efforts to equalize teachers’ salaries and to reform the white primary (Elmore v. Rice)

South Carolina Civil Rights Leaders Matthew Perry: Matthew J Perry was the first graduate of the new law school at South Carolina State to pass the bar exam. As a civil rights lawyer, Perry was instrumental in bringing cases in South Carolina to challenge segregation. Fought for adoption of single-member districts in SC’s House of Representatives Making it possible for more black lawmakers to get elected Later served as SC’s 1 st Af. Am. Federal judge.

The Friendship Nine (page 303) Students at Friendship College who introduced a new tactic in the early 1960 s While planning a sit-in at a Rock Hill lunch counter, the students decided that if arrested, they would not accept bail but would serve out their sentence. Other protesters across the country adopted the “jail not bail” tactics and served out their jail sentences. – Straining the local prison system and drawing the attention of the national press.

Septima Poinsette Clark Friendship Nine Matthew Perry

Orangeburg Massacre (page 304) February 8, 1968 Black students from S. C. State College protested an all-white bowling alley. Highway Patrol shot into an unarmed mob; killing 3 and injuring 27.

Orangeburg Massacre The officers were acquitted but a wounded student was convicted of “riot” b/c of his activity at the bowling alley several nights b/f the shooting

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (pages 300 -301) “We must use the weapon of love…We must have compassion and understanding for those who hate us. ” He encouraged people to use the strategy of nonviolent resistance to achieve civil rights. Became the major leader of the African-American struggle for equality. Dr. King was assassinated two months after the Orangeburg Massacre. The national press paid little attention to the events in Orangeburg because it was overshadowed by the tragic murder of this incredible man. Why do you think the strategy of nonviolent resistance was so effective in helping African Americans achieve civil rights?

Last Check Point Questions! 1) What two important documents did Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson sign that were big step forward for Civil Rights? 2) How did these Democratic president’s actions affect the political party shift that had begun with FDR? 3) Please list st least one accomplishment for each of the following SC civil rights leaders: Septima Poinsette Clark. Modjeska Monteith Simkins- Matthew J. Perry 4) What strategy did the Friendship Nine use, and why did it work so well? 5) What happened at the Orangeburg Massacre? Why were people around the country upset about this? 6) Why did people stop paying attention to the Orangeburg Massacre?

Quizlet Test! Now, please go to Quizlet. com and search for “Lila Mathena SC History”. Click on our class and select ‘ 8 -7’. Reread your notes and study the terms. Then, click on ‘test’ and select ‘multiplechoice’ and ‘matching’ on the righthand side. You must do at least 25 questions. You may keep trying on the test if you want to raise your grade. Due by the end of class Wednesday.