THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863 1965 Chapter 21

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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863 -1965 Chapter 21 p. 700 -723

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863 -1965 Chapter 21 p. 700 -723

Segregation and Separation • 1863 --14 th Amendment – granted full citizenship to the

Segregation and Separation • 1863 --14 th Amendment – granted full citizenship to the former slaves – called for “due process” and “equal protection under the law” • 1875 Civil Rights Act – “all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations…” – Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional

Segregation and Separation • 1890 --Louisiana law and trains – “equal but separate accommodations…”

Segregation and Separation • 1890 --Louisiana law and trains – “equal but separate accommodations…” • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14 th Amendment. • “Jim Crow” laws • racial prejudice and segregation in the North as well.

Challenging segregation • World War II labor • Minorities in the military – Truman

Challenging segregation • World War II labor • Minorities in the military – Truman integrated the military in 1948 • formation of organizations to campaign for voting and challenge Jim Crow – NAACP – Charles Hamilton Houston – Thurgood Marshall

Challenging segregation • Morgan v. Virginia (1946) • Sweatt v. Painter (1950) • Brown

Challenging segregation • Morgan v. Virginia (1946) • Sweatt v. Painter (1950) • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Reaction to Brown • initial reaction was mixed – Kansas and Oklahoma – Mississippi

Reaction to Brown • initial reaction was mixed – Kansas and Oklahoma – Mississippi and Georgia – Baltimore and Washington, D. C. • the KKK and White Citizen’s Councils • Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 – Central High School

Little Rock • “The Little Rock Nine” – – – Governor Orville Faubus hand

Little Rock • “The Little Rock Nine” – – – Governor Orville Faubus hand chosen by NAACP 1 st day of school Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Melba Patillo plan fails 2 nd attempt nine days later • Eisenhower and Arkansas National Guard – 1957 Civil Rights Act – Warriors Don’t Cry

Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus

Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus

Central High School Little Rock, Arkansas

Central High School Little Rock, Arkansas

The “Little Rock Nine” • • front: Gloria Ray, Elizabeth Eckford, Carlotta Watts, Minnijean

The “Little Rock Nine” • • front: Gloria Ray, Elizabeth Eckford, Carlotta Watts, Minnijean Brown. back: Jefferson Thomas, Daisy Bates, Thelma Mothershed, Terrance Roberts, Melba Patillo, Ernest Green

Elizabeth Eckford

Elizabeth Eckford

Montgomery, Alabama, 1955 • May, 1954 – Jo Ann Robinson • December 1, 1955

Montgomery, Alabama, 1955 • May, 1954 – Jo Ann Robinson • December 1, 1955 – Rosa Parks – E. D. Nixon – bus boycott – Montgomery Improvement Association – Martin Luther King, Jr.

Rosa Parks prior to arrest

Rosa Parks prior to arrest

A young Martin Luther King, Jr.

A young Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Bus Boycott • organized quickly – filed a lawsuit – carpools or walked

The Bus Boycott • organized quickly – filed a lawsuit – carpools or walked • support • MLK’s home bombed • lasted 381 days • 1956 --Supreme Court ruling

King in front of fire-bombed home

King in front of fire-bombed home

The Movement Begins • Boycott and King showed: – power of organization and unity

The Movement Begins • Boycott and King showed: – power of organization and unity – “nonviolent resistance” – “civil disobedience” – quote, p. 705

The Movement Begins • Emmett Till murder • SCLC • SNCC – used students

The Movement Begins • Emmett Till murder • SCLC • SNCC – used students as protesters – sit-ins – February, 1960 • Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina • tv

Emmett Till

Emmett Till

Sit-in at Woolworth’s Jackson, Mississippi

Sit-in at Woolworth’s Jackson, Mississippi

The Movement continues • 1961 --The Freedom Riders – organization – Bus One and

The Movement continues • 1961 --The Freedom Riders – organization – Bus One and Bus Two • Alabama state line attack • Birmingham, Alabama • Bus Two and Anniston, Alabama – violence in Birmingham and Montgomery

Freedom Riders map, 1961

Freedom Riders map, 1961

Bus Two outside Anniston, Alabama

Bus Two outside Anniston, Alabama

The Movement continues • Integration of public schools – K-12 schools • closed •

The Movement continues • Integration of public schools – K-12 schools • closed • remained segregated • private and parochial schools – colleges and universities • Auburn – Harold Franklin • Ole Miss – James Meredith • Alabama – Autherine Lucy

Harold Franklin, James Meredith, Autherine Lucy

Harold Franklin, James Meredith, Autherine Lucy

The Movement comes to Alabama and Mississippi • April, 1963 – April 3 --MLK

The Movement comes to Alabama and Mississippi • April, 1963 – April 3 --MLK is arrested • “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” – May 3 --protesters are hosed by sheriff Eugene “Bull” Connor – June 11, 1963 --murder of Medgar Evers in Mississippi – September, 1963 --16 th Street Baptist Church bombed

The Movement draws worldwide attention • • August, 1963 March on Washington, D. C.

The Movement draws worldwide attention • • August, 1963 March on Washington, D. C. MKL’s “I Have a Dream Speech” Civil Rights Act of 1964 – prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, religion, national origin. – ended segregation in all public facilities

The fight to vote • Freedom Summer – college students • Andrew Goodman, Michael

The fight to vote • Freedom Summer – college students • Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney – Neshoba County, Mississippi, June 21, 1964 • New political parties – Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party – Fannie Lou Hammer

Neshoba County

Neshoba County

The fight to vote • Selma, Alabama – March 7, 1965 – “Bloody Sunday”

The fight to vote • Selma, Alabama – March 7, 1965 – “Bloody Sunday” – March 21, 1965 • Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Movement expands • Voting and an end to segregation got people thinking—what else

The Movement expands • Voting and an end to segregation got people thinking—what else can be changed? ? ? – end to poverty – change social structure – new focus on the North/urban violence – new leadership

The Movement expands • Northern segregation – de facto segregation – de jure segregation

The Movement expands • Northern segregation – de facto segregation – de jure segregation – Chicago riots and protests • Urban violence – New York – Watts in Los Angeles, California

New Leadership, New Ideas • Malcolm X (1964) • Stokely Carmichael (1966) – “Black

New Leadership, New Ideas • Malcolm X (1964) • Stokely Carmichael (1966) – “Black Power” • Black Panthers (1966)

1968 --a violent year • April 4, 1968 – Memphis, Tennessee – The Lorraine

1968 --a violent year • April 4, 1968 – Memphis, Tennessee – The Lorraine Motel – James Earl Ray • June, 1968 – Robert Kennedy – Sirhan • Civil Rights Act of 1968

Civil Rights since 1968 • Fight for equality has continued: – Women’s rights –

Civil Rights since 1968 • Fight for equality has continued: – Women’s rights – Hispanics and bi-lingual ballots – Equal pay for equal work – “Victim’s Rights” laws • “Are we changing attitudes or just changing platitudes? ”