The Civil Rights Era 1954 1975 The civil

The Civil Rights Era, 1954– 1975 The civil rights movement develops and brings about changes in American society. Martin Luther King, Jr. , speaking about a voter registration drive. Photograph (June 17, 1966). NEXT

The Civil Rights Era, 1954– 1975 SECTION 1 Origins of the Civil Rights Movement SECTION 2 Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights SECTION 3 The Equal Rights Struggle Expands NEXT

Section 1 Origins of the Civil Rights Movement Changes after World War II help African Americans make progress in their struggle for equality. NEXT

SECTION 1 Origins of the Civil Rights Movement Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests Chart • More Americans see racism as evil, causing Hitler’s rise, Holocaust • After fighting for freedom, blacks want share of it in the U. S. • Blacks make more money, move into cities for work NEXT

SECTION 1 Brown Overturns Plessy • Plessy v. Ferguson—“separate but equal” doctrine established (1896) • NAACP counsel Thurgood Marshall challenges segregation laws • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) rules that: - segregation has no place in public education • Brown II gives segregated schools more time to desegregate • Most white-controlled schools resist segregation Map NEXT

SECTION 1 Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to follow segregation rules on bus • Montgomery bus boycott—blacks protest Parks’s arrest, trial by: - refusing to ride the buses in Montgomery, Alabama • Baptist minister Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , encourages boycott • 13 -month boycott, leaders endure death threats, bombings, jailings • Nonviolent boycott gains national media attention Image Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Montgomery Bus Boycott • Supreme Court rules Montgomery bus segregation law unconstitutional • Boycott has several important results: - ends segregation on Montgomery buses - leads to founding of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - makes Dr. King a very prominent civil rights leader NEXT

SECTION 1 Massive Resistance • More than 80 percent of Southern whites oppose school desegregation • Segregationists fight African Americans, civil rights organizations • Ku Klux Klan use violence to threaten blacks pursuing civil rights • White Citizens Councils organize to prevent desegregation, effective • White opposition to desegregation known as massive resistance Image NEXT

SECTION 1 Showdown in Little Rock • Little Rock school board makes plans to integrate Central High School • Segregationists, Arkansas governor Orval Faubus blocks integration • 8 of 9 black students are turned away from school by National Guard • 9 th student, Elizabeth Eckford, tries to enter despite hostile mob • Eckford is escorted away, Faubus refuses integration for 3 weeks • Escorted by U. S. military, black students enter Central High School Image NEXT

SECTION 1 Sit-Ins Energize the Movement • 4 black college students do sit-in to desegregate lunch counter • Sit-in—protest, people sit, refuse to move until demands are met • Students sit at counter for 45 minutes, come back with more protesters • Segregationists abuse protestors, some protestors jailed, replaced • Sit-ins effective, force many lunch counters to serve African Americans • Sit-ins bring about Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Image NEXT

Section 2 Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights The civil rights movement leads to the end of legal segregation. NEXT

SECTION 2 Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights Kennedy and Civil Rights • Senator John F. Kennedy Democratic candidate for president (1960) • Vice-president Richard Nixon Republican candidate • Kennedy helps arrange release of Martin Luther King, Jr. , from jail • Gains African-American support • Kennedy wins election, faces Congress reluctant to act on civil rights Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Kennedy and Civil Rights • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) plans Freedom Rides to: - desegregate interstate buses • Segregationists attack riders, federal marshals protect riders • U. S. government issues order integrating interstate bus facilities Image NEXT

SECTION 2 Protests in Birmingham • African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama, want to: - integrate public facilities - gain better job, housing opportunities • Start nonviolent protest, Dr. King joins protestors, is arrested • Police use dogs, firehoses on marchers, shown on TV, public horrified • Birmingham white leaders agree to: - desegregate lunch counters - remove segregation signs - employ more African Americans Image NEXT

SECTION 2 The March on Washington • March on Washington—demonstration, 250, 000 march to Lincoln Memorial • Takes place on August 28, 1963; unites civil rights groups • Martin Luther King delivers “I Have a Dream” speech • President Kennedy promises support Image NEXT

SECTION 2 New Civil Rights Laws • President Kennedy is assassinated on November 22, 1963 • U. S. mourns slain leader, factories, businesses close • Vice-president Lyndon Johnson becomes president • Acts quickly on civil rights, pushes the Civil Rights Act of 1964: - bans segregation in public places - creates commission to stop job discrimination Chart NEXT

SECTION 2 Fighting for Voting Rights • Civil Rights Act of 1964 bars different black, white voting standards • 24 th Amendment bans poll tax, still difficult for blacks in South vote • Freedom Summer—voter registration drive for Southern blacks • Martin Luther King, Jr. , SCLC have voter registration protest march • State troopers attack marchers • President Johnson send U. S. troops to protect marchers Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Fighting for Voting Rights • President Johnson signs Voting Rights Act into law (1965): - bans literacy test, laws stopping blacks from registering to vote - sends federal officials to register voters • Percentage of blacks registered to vote in Selma increases sharply Map NEXT

SECTION 2 Johnson and the Great Society • President Johnson proposes programs called Great Society, provides: - programs to help disenfranchised, poor, elderly, women - laws to promote education, end discrimination, protect environment • Many programs, like Medicare, Medicaid, still exist today • Elementary and Secondary School Act provides U. S. funds for education • Laws passed to protect environment, endangered species, wilderness Image NEXT

SECTION 2 Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement • Civil rights groups disagree, some are nonviolent, others aggressive • King, SCLC protest discrimination in Chicago, have little effect • Frustration about lack of opportunities, political power leads to riots • Martin Luther King, Jr. , assassinated (April 4, 1968) • Nation mourns, African Americans riot across the U. S. Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement • Some blacks reject nonviolence, white cooperation • SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael fights racism, all-black organization • Nation of Islam urges blacks to separate from whites • Popular member Malcolm X rejects separatist ideas by mid-1960 s • Assassinated by Nation of Islam in 1965 Image NEXT

Section 3 The Equal Rights Struggle Expands The African-American struggle for equality inspires other groups to fight for equality. NEXT

SECTION 3 The Equal Rights Struggle Expands Mexican Americans Organize • César Chávez starts farm workers union, gains higher wages, benefits • Mexican Americans form La Raza Unida (1970) works to: - get better jobs, pay, education, housing for Mexican Americans - elect Mexican Americans to public office • Mexican American students organize, demand reforms in school system • Stage walkout, arrested, schools meet protestors, make reforms Image NEXT

SECTION 3 Hispanic Diversity • Hispanics trace roots to Spanish-speaking Latin American countries • Refer to themselves as Latinos • Come from different countries, cultures, often have little in common • Differences make it difficult for Hispanic Americans to unify politically NEXT

SECTION 3 Native Americans Unite • “Termination policy” leads to decline of Native American cultures • National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) leads protests of policy • U. S. government changes policy, inspires Native Americans, gain rights • In Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961) Native Americans demand: - right to choose own way of life - responsibility of preserving precious heritage Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Native Americans Unite • American Indian Movement (AIM) demands sovereign rights • Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975, tribal governments get: - more control over social programs, law enforcement, education • Native Americans win back some of their lands NEXT

SECTION 3 The Women’s Movement • 1960 s, women face discrimination in workplace, limited legal rights • Betty Friedan writes book about problems women face in society • National Organization for Women (NOW), good jobs, equal pay for women • Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1972 Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued The Women’s Movement • Supporters say ERA will: - protect women against discrimination - help women achieve equality with men • States do not ratify ERA • Civil Rights Act (1964), Higher Education Act (1972): - outlaw discrimination against women Map NEXT

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