The CHIOTTO tall tower network setup and first

The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results A. T. Vermeulen*, G. Pieterse, A. Manning, M. Schmidt, L. Haszpra, E. Popa, R. Thompson, J. Moncrieff, A. Lindroth, P. Stefani, J. Morguí, E. Moors, R. Neubert, M. Gloor

CHIOTTO: an achievement of 9 partners 2. 4 M€ EU; 4 M€ total Objectives: · 8 Tall towers in Europe: 4 new; 4 updated · Continuous measurements of most important greenhouse gases: pre-operational network · Precision and accuracy demands according to WMO targets · Continuous measurements, often vertical gradients · Common instrumentation · Common sampling and calibration procedures · Common database · Common calibration scale · Intercomparison scheme · Near real-time data transmission · 5 of 8 towers perform regular flask sampling · Concentration scales linked to NOAA CMDL/GAW network Project runs from November 2002 -May 2006 9 partners: 4 Universities; 5 Institutes http: //www. chiotto. org Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 2

Europe according to CHIOTTO footprint for 2005 (min. m 2. kg-1) for the 8+1 stations (COMET transport model) Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 3

CHIOTTO: 8 Tall towers in Europe Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 4

Measurement setup example (BIK) Gas purging system Air inlet system Pressure control system Air drying system CO 2 and O 2 analysers Gas Chromatograph (CO, CH 4, SF 6, N 2 O) Calibration gases Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 5

QA: High precision standards production at MPI-BGC • Common calibration gases produced by MPI-Jena: 4 standards per tower • Calibration cylinders linked to NOAA CMDL scale • NOAA CMDL standards are recommended • Daily calibration is minimum • Two target gases detecting/correcting sensor drift • Zero tank for Licor instruments • Archive standards are foreseen, MPI-Jena • Regular recalibration of working standards • Round robin intercomparison by Traveling Cylinders every 6 months • Carbo. Europe-IP intercomparison: CO 2 and CO Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 6

Cabauw – CBW – The Netherlands (ECN) Height: 200 m AGL Gas Method Operational Precision Base: -2 m ASL CO 2 LICOR 7000 Nov-04 0. 05 ppm Lon: 04° 56’ Flask sampler CIO Nov-04 222 Rn ANSTO Nov-05 Lat: 51° 58’ CH 4 GC-FID Levels: 20 m, 60 m, 120 m, 200 m CO GC-FID LU: Grassland, crops N 2 O GC-ECD SF 6 GC-ECD Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 7 50 m. Bq. m-3 2 ppb Nov-04 1 ppb 0. 4 ppb 0. 2 ppt

CBW CO 2 trend 2000 -2006 CHIOTTO 2003 anomaly Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 8

222 Radon vertical gradient Cabauw Two Rn monitors from ANSTO (20 and 200 meter sample height) Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 9

OXK – Ochsenkopf – Germany (MPI-BGC) Height: 163 m AGL Gas Method Operational Precision Base: 1022 m ASL CO 2 Jan-06 0. 05 ppm Lon: 11° 49’’ LICOR 6252 6 per meg 50° 03’ Oxzilla FC 2 Jan-06 Lat: O 2 Levels: 20 m, 60 m, 120 m, 200 m CH 4 GC-FID 0. 4 ppb CO GC-FID 2 ppb N 2 O GC-ECD SF 6 GC-ECD LU: Conf. forest Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 Apr-06 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 10 0. 3 ppb 0. 2 ppt

First results: OXK Poster: Thompson RT 41 Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 11

BIK – Bialystok – Poland (MPI-BGC) Height: 300 m AGL Gas Method Operational Precision Base: 160 m ASL CO 2 LICOR 6252 Sep-05 0. 04 ppm Lon: 22° 45’ O 2 Oxzilla FC 2 Sep-05 8 per meg Lat: 52° 15’ CH 4 GC-FID 0. 7 ppb Levels: 5 m, 30 m, 90 m, 180 m, 300 m CO GC-FID 0. 6 ppb Forest N 2 O GC-ECD SF 6 GC-ECD LU: Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 12 Sep-05 0. 3 ppb 0. 03 ppt

First results: BIK JASO-’ 05 CO 2, O 2/N 2, APO ASOND-’ 05 Poster: Popa RT 39 Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 13

TTA – Angus – United Kingdom (UEDIN) Height: 230 m AGL Gas Method Operational Precision Base: 313 m ASL CO 2 Aug-05 0. 04 ppm Lon: 2° 59‘ W LICOR 6252 222 Rn ANSTO Sep-03 50 m. Bq. m Lat: 56° 33’ CH 4 GC-FID 0. 7 ppb Levels: 230 m CO GC-FID 0. 6 ppb LU: Moor, heather, forest N 2 O GCECD SF 6 GCECD Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 Aug-05 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 14 -3 0. 3 ppb 0. 03 ppt

First results: Angus Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 15

FIR – Florence – Italy (UNITUS) Height: 200 m AGL Base: 245 m ASL Lon: 11° 16’ Lat: 43° 49’ Levels: 200 m LU: Crops, Forest, City Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 Gas Method Operational Precision CO 2 LICOR 6252 Aug-05 0. 7 ppm CH 4 GC-FID N 2 O GC-ECD SF 6 GC-ECD The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 16 7 ppb Aug-05 2 ppb 0. 4 ppt

NOR - Norunda – Sweden (ULUND) Height: 102 AGL Gas Method Operational Precision Base: 45 m ASL CO 2 LICOR 6252 2005 0. 04 ppm Lon: 17° 28’ CH 4 TDL TGA-100 Aug-03 7 -50 ppb Lat: 60° 05’ CH 4 GC-FID Levels: 35 m, 100 m CO GC-FID N 2 O GC-ECD SF 6 GC-ECD LU: moors, forest Addtional GC: national funds Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 17 2006

Norunda results 35 m flux 105 m flux Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 18

HUN – Hegyhatsal – Hungary (ELTE) 17°E 18°E 19°E 48°N Hegyhátsál 47°N 46°N Height: 248 m AGL Base: 117 m ASL Lon: 16 o 39’ Lat: 46 o 57'’ Levels: 10 m, 48 m, 82 m, 115 m LU: crops, grass, forest Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 Gas Method Operational Precision CO 2 LICOR 6252 1994 0. 2 ppm CH 4 GC-FID CO GC-FID N 2 O GC-ECD SF 6 GC-ECD Jan-06 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 19

K-Puszta (till 1993) -> Hegyhatsal Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 20

LMU – la Muela – Spain (UNIBARC) Height: Base: Lat: Lon: Levels: 100 m 1000 m ASL 41º 35. 7 N 01º 05. 9 W 41 m, 57 m, 91 m AGL Gas Method Operational Precision CO 2 LICOR 7000 May-06 0. 05 ppm Funding by regional government Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 21

First results: La Muela Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 22

ORL – Orleans – France (LSCE) Height 1: 180 m Height 2: 100 m Height 3: 50 m Height: 200 AGL Gas Method Operational Precision Base: 131 m ASL CO 2 Caribou Sep-06 0. 02 ppm Lon: 02° 06’ 45” E 222 Rn ANSTO Sep-06 50 m. Bq. m Lat: 47° 57’ 54” N CH 4 GC-FID 0. 8 ppb Levels: 50 m, 100 m, 180 m AGL CO GC-FID 2 ppb N 2 O GCECD SF 6 GCECD Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 Sep-06 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 23 -3 0. 3 ppb 0. 1 ppt

Intercomparison results Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 24

Flux tower integration and footprint modeling Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 25

Tall Tower data: models in progress Transcom continuous experiment Independent model runs Years 2002+2003 2 year spinup Flux fields: • annual CDIAC fossil fuel 1998 • hourly SIB or CASA • monthly ocean (Takahashi (2002)) • 280 stations Only tall towers in Europe this period: • Cabauw – NL • Hegyhatsal – HU Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 26

Transcom continued: 2002 concentrations CBW+HUN CBW 20 m TM 5 HUN 20 m COMET HUN 10 m TM 5 Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 27

Final workshop: Amsterdam, april 2006 - The atmosphere carries coherent structures of concentration patterns with information of the sources, but models have difficulties in reproducing - High resolution models start to pick up with encouraging results, still more data is needed (TM 5, Sib. RAMS, Stilt, LMDZ, NAME, Comet) - Tall tower data will be useful, but models will have to develop further first: transport error & PBL height - Europe goes up front with a working high quality network of tall towers measuring CO 2 and non-CO 2 gases, embedded in CE-IP Best remark of the workshop (Johan Cruijff reward): “The atmospheric data are not sufficiently dense to constrain fluxes without them” (Scott Denning) Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 28

Achievements -All new instrumentation and sampling lines are built, tested and operational -8 of 8 towers are now fully equipped with instrumentation and measuring -Existing towers continued ‘old’ setup until replacement -Most new towers became operational Summer 2005 -First intercomparison started December 2005 -Extensive integration flux experiments and modelling around Cabauw and Hegyhatsal -Integrated within Carbo. Europe-IP, Atmospheric Component -Successful final workshop Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 29

Conclusions and outlook -CHIOTTO Tower data will provide a wealth of information on GHG sources and sinks -Tall towers allow to overcome some observational problems: - Less sensitive to very near-field (less bias), more representative on model-scale - Better estimate of Boundary Layer average concentration: full transport flux - Continuous data - Multi-component -Current models have improved so we can start exploring the surface observations -Models still need improvement esp. transport+BLH, resolution 0. 5 o might be enough for GHG -Inverse modelling: NEU C 6 -Support needed for non-CO 2 obs! (ICOS, TTORCH, …? ) Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 30

Acknowledgements Transcom continuous experiments participants EU FP 5 National funding agencies: VROM Senter/NOVEM … Advisory board: Ingeborg Levin (UHEI) Han Dolman (VU) Peter Bakwin Manuel Gloor (ULEEDS) Wlodek Zahorowski (ANSTO) Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 31

Room for improvement • COMET model, 0. 5 o windfields, Flextra trajectories • CH 4 fluxes from METDAT (Berdowski et al, 1998) • 3 -hourly at 10’ resolution • R 2=0. 84 during summer, bias=0 ppb, RMSE=115 (6%) • Full year: R 2=0. 72 Vermeulen et al, ACPD, 2006 Carbo. Europe-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results 32