The Chinese Overseas Singapore Confucianism in Singapore Malaysia

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The Chinese Overseas

The Chinese Overseas

Singapore

Singapore

Confucianism in Singapore

Confucianism in Singapore

Malaysia

Malaysia

Thailand

Thailand

Vietnam

Vietnam

Indonesia • 5 to 6 million ethnic Chinese (<3% popul. )

Indonesia • 5 to 6 million ethnic Chinese (<3% popul. )

Philippines

Philippines

Patterns of Migration • Main patterns of Chinese migration – Trade – Labor –

Patterns of Migration • Main patterns of Chinese migration – Trade – Labor – Exile –. . .

Ancient Trade Routes

Ancient Trade Routes

Labor Migration

Labor Migration

Chinese migration overseas • Social pressures from the mainland – political turmoil, famine, natural

Chinese migration overseas • Social pressures from the mainland – political turmoil, famine, natural disaster, Communist and Cultural Revolution, etc. • emigration from coastal provinces – Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan, etc. – waves of migration to established communities • tight economic and psychological contact with their home regions

Southeast Asia • Regional foundation for the socioeconomic network – transnational flow of people

Southeast Asia • Regional foundation for the socioeconomic network – transnational flow of people and wealth – regional dialect and kinship – define capitalism in Southeast Asia today

Selective solidarity • Ethnic Chinese remain significantly Chinese – bound to China and to

Selective solidarity • Ethnic Chinese remain significantly Chinese – bound to China and to Confucian ethics – unite clans and provide basis for cooperation • often hostile environment – discrimination, displacement, and violence – resentment against disproportionate control of wealth

Chinese capitalism • Environment of insecurity and mistrust • mentality to ensure survival and

Chinese capitalism • Environment of insecurity and mistrust • mentality to ensure survival and fuel success • entrepreneurial spirit and wealth creation became essential • family and its internal hierarchy are at the center of economic life – family enterprises

Chinese business network • extensive networks of small and mediumsized firms instead of conglomerates

Chinese business network • extensive networks of small and mediumsized firms instead of conglomerates • networks of trust had to be extended beyond family

Chinese business network • Environment of rudimentary capital market, limited financial disclosure, and weak

Chinese business network • Environment of rudimentary capital market, limited financial disclosure, and weak contract law • social networks became critical to moving economic resources across political boundaries • confidence and trust replace contracts as major guarantees of commitment

Chinese business networks • Tight network structures • flexibility and quick response to changing

Chinese business networks • Tight network structures • flexibility and quick response to changing circumstances and opportunities • cultivating networks between politicians and Chinese firms – changes and transformation in recent years • transnational operations – economic linkages with China’s mainland

World Bank estimates • Total economic output of the 55 million ethnic Chinese in

World Bank estimates • Total economic output of the 55 million ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia – 400 billion US$ in 1991 – 600 billion US$ in 1996 • ethnic Chinese control 500 of the largest public corporations in Southeast Asia – total assets of 500 billion US$

Less visible assets • Private enterprises owned by ethnic Chinese • ethnic and social

Less visible assets • Private enterprises owned by ethnic Chinese • ethnic and social networks among ethnic Chinese businesses • crucial bonds and coordinating agents between the economies of Southeast Asia • underlying principles, norms, activities, and informal relationships