The Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Cortex Anatomy Class
The Cerebral Cortex
The Cerebral Cortex Anatomy Class
The Cerebral Cortex Anatomy Class P a rt y
The Cerebral Cortex • Thin area of gray matter • Three Functional Areas: – Sensory areas
The Cerebral Cortex • Thin area of gray matter • Three Functional Areas: – Sensory areas – Motor areas
The Cerebral Cortex • Thin area of gray matter • Three Functional Areas: – Sensory areas – Motor areas – Association areas
The Cerebral Cortex • Lateralization
The Cerebral Cortex • Lateralization • Conscious behavior involves multiple regions
Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex
Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex
Primary Motor Cortex • Control of voluntary movement
Primary Motor Cortex • Control of voluntary movement • Body is represented spatially on PMC
PMC: Clinical Application • Damage to PMC paralyzes muscles controlled by that region of brain
Somatosensory Cortex • Receive stimuli from sensory receptors and proprioreceptors
Somatosensory Homunculus • Size indicates level of sensitivity
Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex
Visual Cortex • Receives visual stimuli from optic nerve
Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex
Auditory Cortex • Receives stimuli from tympanic membrane
Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex
Association Areas of Cerebral Cortex
Cortex Association Areas • Produce understanding of objects in environment
Visual Association Area • Understanding of visual stimuli in environment
Auditory Association Areas • Understanding of sounds in environment
Principles of Brain Function 1. Involves several brain regions that perform different types of processing 2. Pathways link the parts of the brain responsible for each function 3. Each part of the brain projects in an orderly fashion onto the next 4. One side of the brain controls the other side of the body
Brain Function Extra Credit • Perform illusions with friend or family member • Due Thursday, Nov 29 after Thanksgiving break
Brain Power: Pseudocyesis “Bloody” Mary Tudor
Brain Power: BP and Heart Rate Criss Angel from Phenomenon
Brain Function and Learning I. Studying Brain Function II. Components of the CNS III. Learning & Memory IV. Brain Disorders
The Nature of Memory • Most of what we perceive is forgotten
The Nature of Memory • Most of what we perceive is forgotten • Memory formation requires repetitive use of synapses
How is Information Stored? • Neurons are physically altered by learning
How is Information Stored? • Neurons are physically altered by learning Untrained Trained
How is Information Stored? • Neurons are physically altered by learning • Physical change leads to stronger EPSP’s
How to Alter Synaptic Strength 1. Neuromodulation – Lasts minutes to hours – strengthen or weaken synapse – Opens or closes ____ in presynaptic neuron
Neuromodulation is Short Term Change K+ Block Efflux Prolong AP Increase Ca 2+ influx Increase Neurotransmitter Output
How to Alter Synaptic Strength 2. Potentiation – Lasts days to years – strengthens synapse – modify dendrites on _____ neuron – requires repeated stimulation
Potentiation is Long Term Change Repeated bursts of synaptic activity Dendrite is remodeled Ions flow more rapidly into dendrite
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Memory • Neuromodulation enables short-term memory • Potentiation enables long-term memory
Factors influencing Learning • Number of synapses is greatest at the age 2
Factors influencing Learning • Number of synapses is greatest at the age 2 • Sleeping after studying enhances learning
Brain Function and Learning I. Studying Brain Function II. Components of the CNS III. Learning & Memory IV. Brain Disorders
Computer Games Save the Brain?
Alzheimer’s Disease • Results in dementia • Protein plaque accumulates in brain Plaque
Brain Games to Detect Alzheimers?
Fighting Alzheimers Disease Nasal Injection Research Team Mouse with Alzheimer’s Gene
Parkinson’s Disease • Characteristic symptoms
Parkinson’s Disease • Characteristic symptoms • Loss of dopamine-releasing neurons PET Scan
Parkinson’s Disease • Characteristic symptoms • Loss of dopamine-releasing neurons • Dopamine facilitates coordinated movement in the motor cortex
Epileptic Seizures • Torrent of nerve activity in brain • Hyperactivity in particular region of body
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) • Loss of blood flow to brain • Loss of regional brain function • Know the S. T. R.
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