The Cell What is a Prokaryote Prokaryote Prokaryotes

The Cell

What is a Prokaryote? Prokaryote ?

Prokaryotes DO NOT have: Prokaryotes DO have: Ø Nucleus Ø Cell Membrane Ø Membrane Bound Organelles Ø Cell Wall (not like plant’s cell wall) Remember: Bacteria are Prokaryotes Cilia Ø Cytoplasm Ø DNA (genetic material) Ø Ribosomes Ø Flagella / Cilia Cytoplasm Flagella Cell Membrane

What is a Eukaryote? Eukaryote ?

Eukaryotes Plants Protista Animals Fungi Eukaryotes DO have: Ø Nucleus Ø Membrane Bound Organelles (Mitochondria, E. R. , Golgi, etc. )

What must ALL CELLS have? (Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes) Things

What must ALL CELLS have? (Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes) 4 Things: DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosomes

What 3 things do PLANT CELLS have that an animal cells do not have?

What 3 things do PLANT CELLS have that an animal cells do not have? • Cell Wall • Chloroplasts • Large Vacuole

Name the 3 parts of the Modern Cell Theory

3 parts of the Modern Cell Theory ØCells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things ØAll cells contain specialized structures (organelles) to perform functions necessary for life ØAll organisms are made of one or more cells and come from other cells by reproduction

Who invented the microscope and saw the first living (alive) cells in pond water and called them “wee beasties? ” (Hint: “Wee” sounds like beginning of his last name)

Who invented the microscope and saw the first living cells in pond water and called them “wee beasties? ” Leeuwenhoek “Lee” sounds like “Wee”

Who saw cork and named the chambers “Cells”? Hint: His name rhymes with “cork”

Who saw cork and named the chambers “Cells”? Hint: His name rhymes with “cork” Hooke

What did Schwann say? What did Schleiden say?

What did Schwann say? Schwann claimed that all animals are made of cells. Think: Schwann sounds like swan What did Schleiden say? Schleiden claimed that all plants are made of cells. Think: Schlidin’ down the vine

Who claimed that all cells must come from existing cells by reproduction? Hint: His name sounds like “cow” Cows come from cows Cells come from cells

Who claimed that all cells must come from existing cells by reproduction? Virchow “Vircow” Hint: His name sounds like “cow” Cows come from cows Cells come from cells

Who did this red meat (hint) experiment and believed in biogenesis? No Growth

Who did this red meat experiment and believed in biogenesis? Redi For Biogenesis No Growth

Who did this experiment and believed in abiogenesis? Heated (not boiled) Broth Hint: He needed more information on how to do a good experiment!!!

Who did this experiment and believed in abiogenesis? Needham – Abiogenesis (He needed more information on how to do a good experiment) Heated (not boiled) Broth

Who did this experiment and believed in biogenesis? S-shaped flask

Who did this experiment and believed in biogenesis? Pasteur - Biogenesis S-shaped flask

What determines the shape of a cell? Nerve Cells Blood Cells Muscle Cells

What determines the shape of a cell? The cell’s FUNCTION Nerve Cells Blood Cells Muscle Cells

What are the four levels of cell organization starting from the smallest to largest?

What are the four levels of cell organization starting from the cell? make up

_______ is when cells perform a specific function for an organism.

Cell Specialization is when cells perform a specific function for an organism. Examples: Red blood cells White blood cells Nerve cells

What is the semi-permeable membrane, phospholipid bilayer that regulates what goes in and out of a cell?

What is the semi-permeable membrane, phospholipid bilayer that regulates what goes in and out of a cell? Cell Membrane

What is the hard covering of the plant cell that provides support and protection for the plant cell?

What is the hard covering of the plant cell that provides support and protection for the plant cell? Cell Wall

What 3 things pass through the cell membrane easily?

What 3 things pass through the cell membrane or cell wall easily? Carbon Dioxide By Diffusion Oxygen By Diffusion H 2 O By Osmosis

What is located in the cell membrane to selectively allow larger things into and out of the cell? ?

What is located in the cell membrane to selectively allow larger things into and out of the cell? Protein in Protein Channels

What is the jelly-like liquid between the cell membrane and the nucleus? ? ? ? ?

What is the jelly-like liquid between the cell membrane and the nucleus? Cytoplasm cyto = cell plasm = fluid

What is the control center (brain) of the cell?

What is the control center (brain) of the cell? NUCLEUS

What is the organelle that is inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes?

What is the organelle that is inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes? Nucleolus

What covers the outside of the nucleus and what are the holes called to allow ribosomes and RNA out?

What covers the outside of the nucleus and what are the holes called to allow ribosomes and RNA out? Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope) and Nuclear Pores

What is the genetic material “Blueprints” that is inside the nucleus?

What is the genetic material “Blueprints” that is inside the nucleus? CHROMOSOMES

What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell and found in all Eukaryotes (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista) Hint: Think Mighty Mouse who has lots of power!!!!!!

What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell and found in all Eukaryotes (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista) Mitochondria Hint: Think Mighty Mouse that has lots of power

What makes proteins for the cell? Hint: If you eat Ribs you are getting protein from the meat. ? ? ?

What makes proteins for the cell? Hint: If you eat Ribs you are getting protein from the meat. RIBOSOMES

What organelle is used for photosynthesis in the plant cell?

What is used for photosynthesis in the plant cell? Chloroplasts

What grouping are chloroplasts, leukoplasts, and chromoplasts part of?

What grouping are chloroplasts, leukoplasts, and chromoplasts part of? Plastids

What is the large sac in a plant cell (holds water) and small sac in an animal (used for storage) called?

What is the large sac in a plant cell (holds water) and small sac in an animal (used for storage) called? VACUOLE

What digests food and gets rid of unwanted waste in a cell? ? ? ? ? ?

What digests food and gets rid of unwanted waste in a cell?

_______is a folded membrane and transports materials throughout the cell.

___E. R. ____is a folded membrane and transports materials throughout the cell. Transportation of Proteins Transportation of Lipids & Carbs

______ is used in packaging proteins and other materials and transport out of cell? Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes

______ is used in packaging proteins and other materials and transport out of cell? Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes

What are the microtubules covering the cell, hair like, used for movement? What are the microtubules that are whip-like and used for movement?

What are the microtubules that are whip-like and used for movement? What are the microtubules covering the cell like hair used for movement? PROKARYOTES!!! Cilia Flagella

The movement of molecules (CO₂ , O₂) from HIGH → LOW concentration and does NOT need a cell membrane but can cross one is called ____? ____

The movement of molecules (CO₂ , O₂) from HIGH → LOW concentration and does NOT need a cell membrane but can cross one is called __DIFFUSION__

Movement of water across the cell membrane from HIGH → LOW is called ___? _____.

Movement of water across the cell membrane from HIGH → LOW is called Osmosis.

What is movement of HIGH → LOW concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein but no energy?

What is movement of HIGH → LOW concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein but no energy?

What is movement of LOW → HIGH concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein and needs energy?

What is movement of LOW → HIGH concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein and needs energy? ACTIVE TRANSPORT

____? _____ is when a large food particle is moved into the cell using a cell membrane and energy.

___ Endocytosis _____ is when a large food particle is moved into the cell using a cell membrane and energy. ENDO = ENTER

____? ____ is when a large particle is moved out of the cell using a cell membrane and energy.

___ Exocytosis _____ is when a large particle is moved out of the cell using a cell membrane and energy. EXO = Exit

Endocytosis and Exocytosis (moving BIG particles in or out of the cell) is also called ___________

Endocytosis and Exocytosis (moving big particles in or out of the cell) is also called __BULK TRANSPORT_. Bulk Transport

When the solute concentration inside and outside of the cell is equal. This is called____? ______. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 10%10

When the solute concentration inside and outside of the cell is equal. This is called an isotonic solution. Water goes in and out; cell stays the same. 10% H 2 O 10% 10

When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell it is called______. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 10% 10 20%

When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell it is called Hypertonic Solution. Water goes out of cell; cell shrinks. 10% H 2 O 10 20%

When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell it is called a ______. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 20% 10 10%

When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell it is called a Hypotonic solution. Water goes into the cell. The cell swells. 20% H 2 O 10 10%

What happens to the cell in this situation? Where does water move in this situation? 93% H 2 O 75% H 2 O

What happens to the cell in this situation? Cell Shrinks Where does water move in this situation? Water moves out Hypertonic Solution Water goes out 93% H 2 O 7% Solute 75% H 2 O 25% Solute You need to understand what happens when given water concentrations instead of solute concentrations.

Name the 2 reasons cells cannot be the size of a basketball and explain. Blood Cells

Name the 2 reasons cells cannot be the size of a basketball and explain. 1. Geometry: Volume increases faster than surface area which makes it hard for membrane to keep up with needs of the cell 2. Practical aspects: Nucleus can’t handle that big of a job.

Now… Let’s Review Your Cells Test Answers