The Cell Structures Functions Mrs Weimer AG BIO

The Cell Structures & Functions Mrs. Weimer AG BIO

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =Vc 1 Uqe. Hhjeo • "Mitosis is so easy, even vampires can do it! • What exactly were Bella and Edward looking at? • How could they tell the difference between the phases of mitosis? • Why do some mitosis diagrams look different than others? • What is mitosis and why should we even care? ? ? • Today we will discover all of this and more!"

"What's the difference? ” • Sports balls…

What is “Cell Theory”? • The idea that all living things are made up of cells.

What’s so special about cells? • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. Yeast Cells

Where do cells come from? • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Bean Cells in Mitosis

Definition of the Cell p A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

Would you like to see some examples? Even if you don’t, too bad.

Remember… • These are magnified images taken with microscopes • Some cells have been stained with color so you can see them better.

Nerve Cell

Bacteria Cell

Tree cells from the stomach of a possum.

Brain Cell

Cornstalk Cells

Mammalian Tissue • Smooth muscle are structurally the simplest muscle cells • Provide contractile forces for most internal organs • Controls flow of blood through vessels and moves food through digestive tract.

Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic • One-celled organisms • Example: Bacteria • Few internal structures surrounded by membranes Cells Dividing: Bacteria from a Taxi Cab

Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Humans & Animals

“Typical” Animal Cell

“Typical” Plant Cell

Cell Parts and Functions Cell Wall Plant, not animal cells Outer layer, rigid, strong, stiff Made of cellulose

Cell Parts and Functions Cell Membrane Plant & animal cells Protects the cell Lets things in and out of the cell Location: around the cell

Cell Parts and Functions Nucleus • Plant & animal cells • Large & oval • Control center • Location: – Inside the cell, – Near the center

Cell Parts and Functions Nucleolus (Nucleoli) Plant & animal cells Makes ribosomes Location: inside the nucleus (dark spot) Nuclear Membrane Plant & animal cells Protects around nucleus Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores) Selectively permeable cell

Cell Parts and Functions Cytoplasm • Plant & Animal • Clear, thick, jellylike • Holds all organelles in cell • Location: in cell

Cell Parts and Functions Chromatin/Chromosomes • In Plant & Animal Cells • Contains genetic information/traits • Location: In nucleus

Cell Parts and Functions Endoplasmic Reticulum (E. R. ) • • • Plant & animal cells Network of tubes and membranes Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes) Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane

Rough E. R.

Cell Parts and Functions Ribosome • Plant & Animal Cells • Makes proteins • Small circular shape • Location: – In Cytoplasm or – Attached to E. R.

Mitochondria • Plant & animal • Bean shaped with inner membranes • Makes energy/powerhouse • Breaks down sugar into energy • Location: In Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

ATP Synthase • ATP Synthase is primarily found in one place – the mitochondria. – The mitochondria is the “powerhouse” of the cell – it produces the ATP used to run the rest of the cell. – More mitochondria = more ATP production • ATP Synthase can also be found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. – This ATP is used for a very specific purpose - to power the assembly of a sugar molecule during photosynthesis.

ATP Synthase & Hydrogen • ATP Synthase is like a tiny, molecular wheel. – When the ATP Synthase “wheel” turns, it combines a single phosphate (Pi) and ADP into a charged ATP. • Hydrogen is what turns the ATP Synthase “wheel”. – Like water turning the wheel of a mill at a dam, hydrogen turns the “wheel” of ATP Synthase. • The hydrogen that turns ATP Synthase comes from the food we eat. – Foods that are high in energy are actually high in hydrogen. – For example, half of the molecules a sugar molecule are hydrogen atoms (C 6 H 12 O 6).

` ` F Hy lowi dr ng og en Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Intermembrane Space (w/ Hydrogen atoms) Mitochondrial Inner Membrane ATP Synthase As hydrogen moves past ATP Synthase, it causes it to turn. As ATP Synthase turns, it makes ATP from ADP and Pi. Mitochondrial Matrix(inside)

Removal of Hydrogen • After it powers the wheel, each hydrogen atom must be removed from the mitochondria. – If hydrogen was not continuously removed, it would stop flowing. (Imagine if people stopped inside a revolving door!) • To remove the hydrogen, we breathe in oxygen – The oxygen binds to two hydrogen molecules to make H 2 O – H 2 O and CO 2 are breathed out when we exhale

Cell Structure & Function Vacuole Plant = few/large Animal = small Fluid filled sacs Stores food, water & waste Location: In cytoplasm

Vacuole

• What does a vacuole remind you of?

Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus • Located in Plant & Animal Cells • Packages and secretes • Gets rid of waste • Location: in cytoplasm

• What does a Golgi Body remind you of?

GOLGI APPARATUS

Cell Parts and Functions Lysosome Plant & Animal Cells Contains digestive enzymes Destroys bacteria, old cell parts… Location: in cytoplasm Centrioles Plant & Animal Cells Helps the cell to divide Location: in cytoplasm

Cell Parts and Functions Cilia Most Plant, Animal & Bacteria Cells Short hair-like projections Used for movement Location: outside of cell Flagella Most Plant, Animal & Bacteria Cells Long whip-like tail Used for movement Location: outside of cell

What’s that?

Cell Structures and Functions Chloroplast Only in plant cells Contains chlorophyll Makes plants green Traps light energy from the sun Light Energy = Chemical Energy (Where photosynthesis occurs) Chemical Energy = Food for the Plant

Cell Structures and Functions Plastids • Found in Plant Cells • Stores extra food • Located in cytoplasm

Can you name these plant cell parts? A. B. C.

Cell Parts and Functions Cytoskeleton Also called Microfilament Plant & Animal Cells Made of thin hollow tubes Like a spider web Supports & transports “Super Highway” Microfilament (cytoskeleton) of mouse embryo fibroblasts, stained with FITC-phalloidin (100 fold magnification. )

Can you name these animal cell parts? Cell Membrane #1 #2 Rough E. R. #3 Ribosome's Cytoskeleton or Microfilaments #4 Mitochondria #5

Part 2 -Cell Theory and Structure

"If you could be a superhero, which one would you be and why? "

Task: You will now make up your own CELL SUPER HERO!! Pick your favorite organelle and then you will make a superhero out of that organelle. Rubric and note sheet attached to your note packets. You will need to really be creative with this, as it is going in the hallway outside of Mrs. Weimer’s Room

Task #2 TEST!! Yep, test on the structures and functions of a cell!

Cell Division

The Cell Cycle & Cell Division

How do prokaryotic cells divide? • Binary Fission • (A fancy name that scientists use to impress their girlfriends or boyfriends. A process where one prokaryotic cell becomes two. )

How do eukaryotic cells divide? • Mitosis!

The Cell Cycle http: //www. nobel. se/medicine/laureates/2001/press. ht ml

Animated Cycle http: //www. cellsalive. com/cell_cyc le. htm

MITOSIS

Mitosis The process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell.

Mitosis can be divided into stages • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase & Cytokinesis

Interphase The cell prepares for division • Animal Cell – DNA replicated – Organelles replicated – Cell increases in size • Plant Cell – DNA replicated – Organelles replicated – Cell increases in size

Interphase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm

Prophase The cell prepares for nuclear division • Animal Cell – Packages DNA into chromosomes • Plant cell – Packages DNA into chromosomes

Prophase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm

Metaphase The cell prepares chromosomes for division • Animal Cell – Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell – Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere • Plant Cell – Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell – Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere

Metaphase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm

Anaphase The chromosomes divide • Animal Cell – Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart – ½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell • Plant Cell – Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart – ½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell

Anaphase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm

Telophase The cytoplasm divides • Animal Cell – DNA spreads out – 2 nuclei form – Cell wall pinches in to form the 2 new daughter cells • Plant Cell – DNA spreads out – 2 nuclei form – New cell wall forms between to nuclei to form the 2 new daughter cells

Telophase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm

Mitosis Animation http: //www. cellsalive. com/mitosis. ht m

Animal Mitosis -Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase

Plant Mitosis -Review Interphase Anaphase Telophase Metaphase Prophase Interphase

MEIOSIS

Meiosis is the type of cell division by which germ cells (eggs and sperm) are produced. One parent cell produces four daughter cells. Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes found in the original parent cell

Meiosis During meiosis, DNA replicates once, but the nucleus divides twice.

Meiosis Four stages can be described for each division of the nucleus.

Meiosis I First division of meiosis

First Division of Meiosis • Prophase 1: Each chromosome duplicates and remains closely associated. These are called sister chromatids. • Metaphase 1: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell. • Anaphase 1: Chromosome pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together. • Telophase 1: Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the chromosome pair.

Prophase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html

Prophase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html

Metaphase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html

Telophase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html

Meiosis Second Division of Meiosis

Second Division of Meiosis • Prophase 2: DNA does not replicate. • Metaphase 2: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell • Anaphase 2: Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move separately to each pole. • Telophase 2: Cell division is complete. Four haploid daughter cells are formed.

Prophase II http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html

Metaphase II http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html

Telophase II http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html

Meiosis http: //www. biosci. uga. edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/ap

Meiosis Animation http: //www. rothamsted. bbsrc. ac. uk/notebook/courses/guide/movie/ meiosis. htm

Differences in Mitosis & Meiosis • Mitosis – – Asexual Cell divides once Two daughter cells Genetic information is identical • Meiosis – Sexual – Cell divides twice – Four haploid daughter cells – Genetic information is different

Comparison Animations http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_fl ash. html http: //www. usoe. k 12. ut. us/curr/science/scib er 00/7 th/genetics/sciber/animatin. htm