The Cell Robert Hooke 1665 English Viewed cork

The Cell

Robert Hooke � 1665, English �Viewed cork and saw cells � cellulae �Named after monastery cells

Cell Theory � 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells � 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. � 3. New cells are reproduced from pre-existing living cells

Two types of cell structure �Simple/Prokaryotic cells �Complex/ eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells �“pro” : before �“karyon” : nut �No nucleus �Cell walls �No organelles �DNA is in the center �Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms (Domain Archae and Domain Bacteria)

Eukaryotic Cell �“eu” : true �True nucleus �DNA is in the nucleus �Has organelles

Prokaryote & Eukaryote Similarities �Cell membrane �A membrane layer that separates the interior of a cell from the outside; protects the cell �Cytoplasm �Clear, gel-like substance inside a cell �Genetic material �DNA �Ribosomes �Make proteins

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Procedure � 1. Peel the outer tissue layer of the onion. � 2. Place on slide. � 3. Add 1 drop of iodine. � 4. Place cover slip on the onion slide. � 5. View under the microscope. � 6. Sketch the cells on looseleaf. � 7. Label the nucleus

Passive Transport Review �https: //www. bing. com/videos/search? q=video+of+os mosis+and+diffusion&&view=detail&mid=47 C 60 CE 4 DC 9346 A 95 AB 447 C 60 CE 4 DC 9346 A 95 AB 4&&FORM= VDRVRV �plasma membrane video

Endocytosis & Exocytosis �Active Transport video

�Organelle video �video

Endoplasmic Reticulum �Rough ER: contains ribosomes on its surface �Smooth ER: no ribosomes �Ribosome: location where proteins are made

Golgi Bodies �Membrane pouches throughout the cell �Sorts, packages, and releases proteins �Proteins exit the golgi by exocytosis

Lysosomes �Small sacs (vesicles) that contain enzymes that help to digest and remove debris from the cell �Enzymes: speed up a chemical reaction

Mitochodria �Mitochondrion (singular): powerhouse of a cell �Makes ATP (energy)

Mitochondria (continued) �Cristae: the folded, fingerlike projections of the inner wall of the mitochondrion �Cristae are important in making ATP

Centrioles �Small paired cylindrical structures that help to pull apart the two halves when a cell divides.

Vacuole �Storage organelle

Chloroplasts �Only in plant cells �Chloroplasts: organelles that contain stacks of chlorophyll �Chlorophyll: green pigment where photosynthesis takes place

Photosynthesis �The process by which light energy from the sun is transformed into glucose

Animal & Plant Cell Differences �Plant: chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall, autotroph �Animal: no chloroplasts, small vacuoles, no cell wall, heterotroph

�Autotroph: organisms that make their own food supply �Heterotroph: organisms that cannot make their own food supply

Cellular Respiration �A process in the mitochondria that transforms food energy into ATP. �ATP: the basic unit of energy in a cell �Adenosine Triphosphate

Cell Cycle �Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells multiply in different ways �Binary Fission: (Prokaryotes); the cell simply splits into two new cells �Paramecium �binary fission

Cell Cycle (cont) �Cell division: (Eukaryotes) the cell divides into two or more cells and includes mitosis �Mitosis video �Mitosis song

Unicellular & Multicellular Organisms �Unicellular: single-celled organisms that function wholly and independently from other organisms �Multicellular: organisms that are made up of many cells. �All prokaryotes are unicellular. �Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular of multicellular

In Multicellular Organisms

�Strawberry DNA extraction