The cell review Cell membrane Structure Phospholipids Proteins

The cell review

Cell membrane Structure Phospholipids Proteins Transport Enzymes Cell recognition Receptors Joining Cytoskeleton

Fig. 7 -7 Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glycoprotein Carbohydrate Glycolipid EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Cholesterol Microfilaments of cytoskeleton Peripheral proteins Integral protein CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE

Transport Passive Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Bulk transport Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated Active

Concentrations Isotonic Hypertonic

Fig. 7 -13 Hypotonic solution H 2 O Isotonic solution H 2 O Hypertonic solution H 2 O (a) Animal cell Lysed H 2 O Normal H 2 O Shriveled H 2 O (b) Plant cell Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed

Fig. 7 -12 Lower concentration of solute (sugar) Higher concentration of sugar H 2 O Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis Same concentration of sugar

Cell signaling Direct contact Local Long distance

Cell signaling Reception Transduction Response

Fig. 11 -6 -3 CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response Receptor Activation of cellular response Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Signaling molecule

Reception Ligand Intracellular receptors Ion channels G-protein Tyrosine Kinases

Transduction Protein kinases Protein phosphatases Second messengers c. AMP Adenylyl cyclase Calcium Phospholipase C IP 3

Fig. 11 -14 Growth factor Reception Receptor Phosphorylation cascade Transduction CYTOPLASM Inactive transcription factor Active transcription factor P Response DNA Gene NUCLEUS m. RNA

Fig. 11 -15 Reception Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled receptor (1 molecule) Transduction Inactive G protein Active G protein (102 molecules) Inactive adenylyl cyclase Active adenylyl cyclase (102) ATP Cyclic AMP (104) Inactive protein kinase A Active protein kinase A (104) Inactive phosphorylase kinase Active phosphorylase kinase (105) Inactive glycogen phosphorylase Active glycogen phosphorylase (106) Response Glycogen Glucose-1 -phosphate (108 molecules)