The Cell Cycle Interphase Divided into 3 phases

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The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

Interphase • Divided into 3 phases: G 1, S, and G 2 • During

Interphase • Divided into 3 phases: G 1, S, and G 2 • During G 1 the cell is growing and maturing; if the cell will never divide, it will spent its life here (known as G 0) • During S, the DNA replicates • During G 2 the cell prepares for the division (makes proteins, etc. )

Mitosis • Mitosis is divided into 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, and telophase • You

Mitosis • Mitosis is divided into 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, and telophase • You can remember interphase, prophase, metaphase, and telophase by IPMAT

Prophase • Nuclear membrane breaks down • Chromatin condenses into individual chromosomes (scattered throughout

Prophase • Nuclear membrane breaks down • Chromatin condenses into individual chromosomes (scattered throughout the cell) • Centrioles (in animal cells) begin to migrate to the poles • Spindles form and grow toward the cell’s center (equator)

Metaphase • Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid • The

Metaphase • Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid • The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes to the metaphase plate or equator (the middle of the cell)

Anaphase • The spindle fibers pull at the sister chromatids to separate them at

Anaphase • The spindle fibers pull at the sister chromatids to separate them at the centromere • Chromatids (now single stranded chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell (the poles)

Telophase • A nuclear membrane forms around each set of single stranded chromosomes •

Telophase • A nuclear membrane forms around each set of single stranded chromosomes • The chromosomes become long, stringy, and less distinct to reform chromatin • Spindle fibers break down • Telophase often overlaps with cytokinesis

Cytokinesis • Once the nuclear material is divided, the remainder of the cell divides

Cytokinesis • Once the nuclear material is divided, the remainder of the cell divides during cytokinesis • In plant cells, a cell plate forms from vesicles that bud off the Golgi and will become a new cell wall • In animal cells, the cell membranes pinch in to form a cleavage furrow

What happens with the cell cycle isn’t regulated? • Internal signals within the cell

What happens with the cell cycle isn’t regulated? • Internal signals within the cell can turn cell division off and on • Cells can detect the presence or absence of certain chemicals produced within the cell

• External signals can also turn cell division off and on • External

• External signals can also turn cell division off and on • External signals are chemicals from outside the cell that the cell can detect

• A checkpoint is a critical point in the cell cycle where chemical

• A checkpoint is a critical point in the cell cycle where chemical signals can regulate the cycle

• Cancer is caused from a fault in controlling the cell cycle •

• Cancer is caused from a fault in controlling the cell cycle • Cancer begins when a single cell divides uncontrollably • Usually the human immune system will recognize the cell and destroy it

• If a cell continues to divide, it creates a mass of abnormal

• If a cell continues to divide, it creates a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor • Tumors can either be: o malignant which impairs the function of organs and may move to other organs o benign which do not spread

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