The Cell Cycle Cell Division Animated Cycle http
- Slides: 60
The Cell Cycle & Cell Division
Animated Cycle http: //www. cellsalive. com/cell_cycle. htm
Chromosomes • A eukaryotic chromosome is a molecule of DNA together with associated proteins • Chromosome – Structure made of DNA and associated proteins – Carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information
Types of Chromosomes • There are two types of eukaryotic chromosomes: autosomes and sex chromosomes • Autosomes – Paired chromosomes with the same length, shape, centromere location, and genes – Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome • Sex chromosomes – Members of a pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Number • A eukaryotic cell’s DNA is divided into a characteristic number of chromosomes • Chromosome number – Sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type – A human body cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes • Diploid – Cells having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species (2 n)
Examples of Chromosome Number
Chromosome Structure • Sister chromatid – One of two attached members of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome • Centromere – Constricted region in a eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are
Five Phases of the Cell Cycle üG 1 - primary growth phase üS – synthesis; DNA replicated üG 2 - secondary growth phase collectively these 3 stages are called interphase üM - mitosis üC - cytokinesis 9
Cell Cycle 10
Interphase - G 1 Stage ü 1 st growth stage after cell division üCells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles üCell carries on its normal metabolic activities 11
Interphase – S Stage üSynthesis stage üDNA is copied or replicated Two identical copies of DNA Original DNA 12
Interphase – G 2 Stage ü 2 nd Growth Stage üOccurs after DNA has been copied üAll cell structures needed for division are made (e. g. centrioles) 13
Sketch the Cell Cycle DNA Copied Cells Mature Cells prepare for Division Daughter Cells Cell Divides into Identical cells 14
MITOSIS
Mitosis The process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell.
Mitosis can be divided into stages • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase & Cytokinesis
Interphase The cell prepares for division • Animal Cell – DNA replicated – Organelles replicated – Cell increases in size • Plant Cell – DNA replicated – Organelles replicated – Cell increases in size
Interphase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm
Prophase The cell prepares for nuclear division • Animal Cell – Packages DNA into chromosomes • Plant cell – Packages DNA into chromosomes
Prophase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm
Metaphase The cell prepares chromosomes for division • Animal Cell – Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell – Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere • Plant Cell – Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell – Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere
Metaphase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm
Anaphase The chromosomes divide • Animal Cell – Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart – ½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell • Plant Cell – Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart – ½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell
Anaphase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm
Telophase The cytoplasm divides • Animal Cell – DNA spreads out – 2 nuclei form – Cell wall pinches in to form the 2 new daughter cells • Plant Cell – DNA spreads out – 2 nuclei form – New cell wall forms between to nuclei to form the 2 new daughter cells
Telophase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http: //www. bioweb. uncc. edu/biol 1110/Stages. htm
Mitosis Animation http: //www. cellsalive. com/mitosis. htm
Animal Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase
Plant Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase
Uncontrolled Mitosis ü If mitosis is not controlled, unlimited cell division occurs causing cancerous tumors ü Oncogenes are special proteins that increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a tumor cell Cancer cells 38
Uncontrolled Cell Division http: //www. bing. com/videos/search? q=cell +division+cancer+video&FORM=VIRE 1#vi ew=detail&mid=0 B 79506 B 3 F 3 C 60 B 48 CB 9
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is the type of cell division by which germ cells (eggs and sperm) are produced. One parent cell produces four daughter cells. Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes found in the original parent cell
Meiosis During meiosis, DNA replicates once, but the nucleus divides twice.
Meiosis Four stages can be described for each division of the nucleus.
Meiosis I First division of meiosis
First Division of Meiosis • Prophase 1: Each chromosome duplicates and remains closely associated. These are called sister chromatids. • Metaphase 1: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell. • Anaphase 1: Chromosome pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together. • Telophase 1: Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the chromosome pair.
Prophase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html
Prophase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html
Metaphase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html
Telophase I http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html
Meiosis Second Division of Meiosis
Second Division of Meiosis • Prophase 2: DNA does not replicate. • Metaphase 2: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell • Anaphase 2: Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move separately to each pole. • Telophase 2: Cell division is complete. Four haploid daughter cells are formed.
Prophase II http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html
Metaphase II http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html
Telophase II http: //everyschool. org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis. html
Meiosis http: //www. biosci. uga. edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_3. html.
Meiosis Animation http: //www. rothamsted. bbsrc. ac. uk/notebook/courses/guide/movie/meiosis. htm
Differences in Mitosis & Meiosis • Mitosis – – Asexual Cell divides once Two daughter cells Genetic information is identical • Meiosis – Sexual – Cell divides twice – Four haploid daughter cells – Genetic information is different
Comparison Animations http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html http: //www. usoe. k 12. ut. us/curr/science/sciber 00/7 th/gen etics/sciber/animatin. htm
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