The Cardiovascular System Blood The only fluid Tissue

The Cardiovascular System

Blood • The only fluid Tissue • Has both living and nonliving components – Living blood cells – Elements – Non living blood plasma

The Composition of Blood • White blood cells 1% – Immunity • Red blood cells 44% – Lack a nucleus – Few organelles – Basically sacs of Hemoglobin (an iron containing protein that transports oxygen that is carried in RBCs. ) • Plasma 55% – – Water Protein: ph buffers, clotting factors, fat transport Substances transported by blood electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)

Formed Elements Table pg. 299 • Red blood cells – transport oxygen • Leukocytes (WBC) – immunity – Neutrophil: Phagocytes – Monocyte: Phagocytes that are long term – Lymphocyte: Produce antibodies • Platelets – blood clotting

Anemia • A decrease in oxygencarrying ability of blood – Abnormally low RBC count – Hemoglobin deficiency (iron carrying molecule in blood) EX. Sickle-Cell Anemia: abnormal hemoglobin formed becomes spiky and sharp when the RBC’s unload the oxygen.

Polycythemia • An excessive increase in the number of RBCs – Some types of bone marrow cancer – Living at high altitudes with less oxygen Q: why would this be a bad thing?

Twin-to-twin transfusion

Blood Slides – Microscope Observation Slide Sickle cell Lymph node Artery/vein Artery Blood Vain med high oil

Blood Type

Blood Type • Antigen – a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies – So we all have antigen proteins on the membranes of all our cells that make us unique (all living things). – We also have antibodies that fight substances that don’t look like our bodies own antigens

Blood Type • ABO Blood Antigens pg. 306 – AB –A –B –O Agglutinins Agglutinogens:

+/- in Blood Type • + or – indicates the presence of another major membrane protein Rh • If one parent is +, then the offspring will be +

Mixing Blood Types • Erythrocyte destruction • Agglutination: Clumping

Blood Vs. Plasma • Plasma is a aqueous part of blood (55%) that contains all the clotting factors and dissolved solutes besides RBCs. – People can volunteer or get paid to donate plasma – Sold plasma cannot be put directly into another human. It is used to make other blood products and medications

The Cardiovascular System • Basic Overview • The heart anatomy • Flow

General Scheme • Major Organs – Heart – Lungs – Capillaries all over the body – Arteries – Veins

Arteries VS. Veins • Arteries – conduct blood away from the heart under high pressure – Thicker and more organized • Veins – Conduct blood to the heart under lower pressure – Thinner and more stretchy than arteries – Have valves to prevent reverse flow

Secondary Organs • Trachea (wind pipe) – Allow air in and out of the lungs • Esophagus – Carry “stuff” from the mouth to the stomach • Lungs – providing oxygen to the blood • Diaphragm – The main muscle used in the process of breathing • Phrenic N. – communicates with the diaphragm and the pericardium • Pericardium – The double membrane around the heart

Crash Course

Heart Anatomy and Blood flow

Heart Anatomy • 4 Chambers – 2 ventricles – 2 Atria • Right side blood travels to the lungs in what is called the Pulmonary System • Left side relates to the rest of the body in what is called the Systemic System

The Details • Superior and inferior Vena Cava: Receive oxygen depleted blood from the veins • Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

The Details • Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: prevent backflow of blood when the ventricles contract – The right side is the Tricuspid because it has 3 flaps – The left side is the Bicuspid because it has 2 flaps

The Details • Pulmonary (lungs) and Aortic (rest of body) Semilunar valves: Guard the two large arteries, one in each ventricle.

Sheep Heart Dissection - Part 1 - Part 2

Heart Physiology – Crash Course • Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System (ICCS) – Sino-Atrial Node (SA) is made up of Pacemaker Cells. These cells have leaky sodium channels that create a constant action potential that spread throughout the ICCS – Atrial Ventricular Node (AV): once the cells of this node receive the signal, they pause for part of a second to allow the atria to complete their contraction before the ventricle contracts

Heart Physiology • The Short Version: Your heart is depolarizing and repolarizing it’s nerve cell (neuron) membranes continuously all the time • There is no stimulus that triggers this. The Na+ channels are just open so the concentration gradient causes diffusion constantly