The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe Ch 2

The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe Ch 2. 1 The First Christians

Place & Time • 50 – 800 AD • Christianity blooms • Roman Empire splits and evolves

Ch 1. 1 Vocab • • • Procurator Clergy Laity Transformation Structure

The Roman Empire

Judaism in the Roman Empire • Pontius Pilate • 6 AD, Judaism in Rome – Governor of Judaea • Different groups • Family Guy w/ Judas – Sadducees: cooperative – Pharisees: sought to avoid Roman influence – Essenes: hermits, waited for God – Zealots: into violent overthrow (AD 26 -36)

Rise of Christianity Jesus and the Fundamentals • Salvation • Inner Transformation – Follow Hebrew Bible, but focus on inner transformation • Controversy and Crucifixion – Revolutionary? !? • Followers’ belief in Jesus as Messiah Viking Stone, emphasizing Christianity far from home

Spread of Christianity • Early apostles of Christianity • Epistles (written accounts) eventually become Gospels • Establishment of churches • Change in Roman attitudes – Christianity suddenly viewed as harmful to public order/morals

Christianity, cont’d. • Christianity becomes organized! • Constantine and the Edict of Milan – 313, official tolerance • Christianity accepted in the Roman Empire – Becomes official religion in late 4 th century

Spread of Christendom Cont’d.

Religions of Today

Discussion & Review • Which group of violent Jews called for the overthrow of Roman rule? – Zealots • Which Roman official ordered the execution of Jesus? – Pontias Pilate • What is the vocab term for a Roman official in charge of a province? – Procurator

Stuff to Chew On • What are the beliefs that define Christianity? • How did Christianity spread through the Roman empire? – How do you think the division of the Christian church into clergy and laity helped spread Christian beliefs?

Decline and Fall of Rome Ch 2. 2

Vocab • • Plague Inflation Military Collapse

Factors of Decline

Factors of Decline

Political/Economic Reforms Emperor Diocletian • Established a tetrarchy – Rule divided among four leaders, while he maintained overall control • Started ‘Late Roman Empire’

Constantine • ‘New Rome’ @Constantinople – Eastern Roman Empire – Greek city of Byzantium became Constantinople

Diocletian/Constantine Cont’d.

Goodbye…. Western Roman Empire • Massive migrations by: – Visigoths’ sack Rome in 410, fleeing from Huns – Germanic tribes, the Vandals • Alternate Theories: – Lead poisoning, plague, use of slaves • In 486 CE, a Germanic military official deposed the last West Roman Emperor: Romulus Augustus

Ch 2. 2 Discussion & Review • What city was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire? – Constantinople • Among other impacts, what was a major negative consequence plague outbreaks? – Labor shortages • By the 5 th Century, Western Rome was controlled by whom? – Germans

Stuff to Munch On • How did plague help lead to an economic collapse in Rome? • How did the migrations of Germanic tribes contribute to the fall of the Roman empire? • Why would the introduction of Christianity weaken Roman military virtue?

The Early Christian Church Ch 2. 3, p. 31

Ch 2. 3 Vocab 2 Know • • Bishopric Monk Monasticism Missionary Nun Abbess Pursue Conversion

Church & Collapse of Rome • During 5 th Century, German tribes and other factors cause Western Rome to fall apart – Even so, Christian church becomes more influential • Church offered stability and faith – Priests and parishes – Bishops and bishoprics – Archbishops and provinces – Pope

Organization of the Christian Church • Roles of priests and bishops • Ascendancy of ‘bishops of Rome’ as popes • Pope Gregory I

Pope Gregory I • AKA Gregory the Great – Gregorian Chant named after him • Gregory took control of Rome and surrounding land…called the areas Papal States – Used the monastic movement to gain converts

Monasticism • Early hermits • Communal monasticism and Benedictine rule – Prayer + manual labor = work of God • Monasteries were the centers of: – Christian civilization – Learning – Manuscript production – Missionary work

Queries • How were the lives of nuns similar to monks? – They lived as a group, removed from the world; education and learning was an important part of their lives. • What role did nuns play in spreading Christianity? – They provided missionaries with books and funds and established convents in newly converted areas.

Women in Monasticism • At first…nuns hid from society like monks – In convents headed by abbesses. • BUT in the 7 th and 8 th centuries they went out and spread Christianity.

Ch 2. 3 Discussion & Review • Which Pope was the first to extend papal power over the Christian church in western Europe? – Gregory I • What is another title for the pope? – Bishop of Rome • Local Christian communities, led by priest, were called _______. – Parishes

Stuff to Ponder • What rules did Benedict set up for those who practiced monasticism? • What role did monks and monasteries play in the early Catholic Church • How did the Catholic Church affect the emerging medieval European civilization?

The Age of Charlemagne Ch 2. 4, p. 34

Ch 2. 4, Vocab 2 Know • • Wergild Ordeal Excluded Ensure

Western Roman Empire Falls • Germanic ppl move into former Roman lands around 3 rd century – German States Arise • Visigoths in Spain • Ostrogoths in Italy • Angles and Saxons in Britain • Franks in France and Western Germany

Germanic Kingdoms • Incursions into Roman Empire • Clovis’ conversion • Frankish kingdom – AD 500 • First German ruler to convert to Catholicism • Importance of family • Revenge and wergild in German law • “money for a man” • Trial by ordeal • Like divine intervention, but more awesome…

And then… Charlemagne • Carolingian Empire • Pepin’s assumption of Frankish kingship • Charlemagne, Pepin’s son, expands empire • THEN crowned as Roman emperor • Leads to Carolingian Renaissance • Combining of cultures, ideas, knowledge, etc.

Charlemagne Clip

Ch 2. 4 Discussion & Review • The kingdom of Franks was established by whom? – Clovis • Charlemagne created the _____ Empire. – Carolingian • What is the primary difference btwn Germanic and Roman Law? – Roman: crimes against the State; German: crimes against individuals

Masticate on This! • What was the difference btwn wergild and the ordeal? – Do you think either would make an effective means of punishment for wrongdoers? • What was the significance of Clovis’s conversion to Christianity? • What impact did Charlemagne have on the Frankish kingdom?

The Byzantine Empire Ch 2. 5, p. 38

Vocab • • • Patriarch Icon Idolatry Legal Enormous

Emperor Justinian • 527 to 565 AD • Emperor of Eastern Rome • Attempted to restore Rome to former glory • BUT lost gains after death • The Body of Civil Law • Basis of imperial law until 1453 • The Hippodrome! • Like a tiny Coliseum • Specialized in chariot races

But Eastern Rome Isn’t Secure • The rise of Islam unifies Arab tribes – Armies sweep through the Empire – The Eastern Roman Empire loses territories and starts to change into something new!

And, to Make Matters Worse • The Eastern Roman Empire started to run out of money • Population declined after plague • And the frontiers kept being attacked – EVEN SO • Emperor Justinian rebuilt Constantinople in the mid 500 s and created a magnificent capital city. • By the 700 s, the Eastern Roman Empire turns into the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire, Cont’d. • Macedonian Emperors kicked some serious butt. – 867 to 1081

Byzantine Empire, Cont’d. • Macedonian Emperors kicked some serious butt.

Constantinople • Center of trade/commerce for Byzantine • Foreign visitors were astounded by size, wealth, and physical surroundings. • “To them, it was the stuff of legends. ”

Religious Schism • Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox – Leo III outlaws the use of icons as ‘idolatry’ in 730 – Later reversed, but damage was done

Riddle me this. • How did the split btwn the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church affect the future of the Byzantine Empire? – Byzantine Empire could no longer call on west for help • Religious disagreements fatally weakened the empire

This Too Shall Pass • Byzantine Empire weakens b/c: – Successors of Macedonians were incompetent – Schism in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Church – Military actions against the Turks and in Crusades

Siege of Constantinople

EXAM QUESTION • What factors led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire?

Ch 2. 5 Discussion & Review • T/F: Leo III outlawed crucifixes as idolatry. – False, Icons • What becomes the official religion of the Byzantine Empire? – Eastern Orthodox • What dynasty ruled the Byzantine Empire btwn the 10 th and 11 th Centuries? – Macedonian