The Butler Tourism Model Based on MEDC tourism

The Butler Tourism Model • Based on MEDC tourism • Cycle of a resort development, tourism and decline. • Tourism viewed as a resource • The model has 6 Stages: – Exploration – Involvement – Development – Consolidation – Stagnation – Decline/Rejuvenation

The Butler Model

EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Exploration • Small number of tourist attracted by culture/natural beauty. • Limited numbers. • Few facilities exist.

EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Involvement • Some involvement by locals to provide tourists with facilities. • Recognisable tourist season. • Developing tourism market.

EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Development • Large numbers of tourists. • Control of market moves from locals to external bodies e. g. TNC’s. • Conflict between residents and tourists.

EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Consolidation • Tourism constitutes major part of the economy. • Tourist numbers plateau. • Older facilities seen as “second rate”.

EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Stagnation • Peak tourist numbers reached. • Resort no longer fashionable.

EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Decline OR Rejuvenation • Attractiveness continues to decline. • Visitors lost to other resorts / destinations. • Resort becomes dependant on day / weekend visitors from limited geographical area. • Unless efforts made to modernise and rejuvenate resort will continue to decline.

Case Study Spain – Costa del Sol

EXPLORATION – 1960’s only 0. 4 million tourists to the Costa del Sol, visiting for the beach holidays. INVOLVEMENT – 1970's numbers rose to 3 million. – Farmland built on, infrastructure improved. – Transition from resource based to demand based. DEVELOPMENT & CONSOLIDATION – 1980’s numbers rocketed to 7 million (carrying capacity reached). – Clubs, bars, restaurants and more hotels were built, leading to environmental degradation.

STAGNATION – Late 1980’s area began to stagnate, and was no longer fashionable. – Attractive mountainous area blocked by large hotel developments. – Beaches dirty from litter left by tourists. – Polluted from excessive sewage. – Strain on resources e. g. water • It takes 60 000 gallons to run a luxury hotel for a day.

DECLINE OR REJUVENATION? ? – 1990 s Costa del Sol began rejuvenation. – Beaches tidied and achieved EU Blue Flag. – VAT cut to 6% to encourage tourists and businesses. – Tourism began to diversify to ecotourism and heritage tourism. • Development of Coto Donana national park to 'Costa Donana’ abandoned • Wetland area popular with rare birds • Previous development had seen a drop in the water table and the death of 30 000 wild birds form pesticide contamination

SPANISH TOURISM TODAY • Tourism spread more inland to Madrid and Barcelona. • Historical & City based tourism gains popularity. • Culturally diverse areas such as Almeria have also gained popularity. • Spain has not seen a decline in tourism, but a spatial change moving inland. Costa Del Sol

• Make a copy of Butlers model. (use a whole page) • Using the worksheet, decide which statements match each stage. • Annotate your graph in your exercise books. • In another colour, add detail using your Costa Del Sol case study.