The Building of Global Empires IMPERIALISM Motives of

The Building of Global Empires

IMPERIALISM Motives of imperialism Modern imperialism • Two types of modern colonialism • Colonies ruled and populated by migrants Colonies controlled without significant settlement Economic motives of imperialism • European merchants made personal fortunes Expansion to obtain raw materials Colonies were potential markets for products Political motives • Strategic purpose: harbors, supply stations Cultural justifications of imperialism • Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia "Civilizing mission“/"white man's burden“ justified expansion Tools of empire Transportation technologies supported imperialism • • Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia Railroads organized local economies to serve imperial power Western military technologies increasingly powerful • Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies Difference between colonialism and imperialism

EMPIRE IN ASIA ● The British empire in India Company rule under the English East India Company ● ● ● British imperial rule replaced the EIC, 1858 ● ● ● Introduction of commercial crops: tea, coffee, opium Built railroads, telegraph lines, canals, harbors, irrigation Did not interfere with Indian culture, religion ● ● ● British viceroy and high-level British civil service ruled Indians held low-level bureaucratic positions Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) ● EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750 s Ruled with small British force, Indian troops called sepoys Sepoy Rebellion, 1857: attacks on British led to reprisals Established English-style schools for Indian elites Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive, (sati) Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia "Great Game" refers to competition between Britain, Russia in central Asia ● Dutch East India Company held tight control of Indonesia (Dutch East India) British colonies in southeast Asia ● Established colonial authority in Burma, 1880 s French Indochina created, 1859 -1893 ● By 1860 s Russian expansion reached northern frontiers of British India Consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos--former tribute states of Qing dynasty Thailand left in place as buffer between Burma and Indochina

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1875 and 1900 European powers seized almost the entire continent Early explorers charted the waters, gathered information on resources Henry Stanley sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870 s To protect their investments and Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882 • • South Africa Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in seventeenth century British seized Cape Colony in early nineteenth century, abolished slavery in 1833 British-Dutch tensions led to Great Trek of Afrikaners inland to claim new lands Mid-19 TH century, they established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860 Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands; influx of British settlers Boer War, 1899 -1902: British defeated Afrikaners, Union of South Africa • • • The Berlin Conference, 1884 -1885 European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, Africans not invited By 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was controlled by European powers • • Colonial rule challenging and expensive "Concessionary companies": granted considerable authority to private companies • empowered to build plantations, mines, railroads Direct rule: replacing local rulers with Europeans--French model • justified by "civilizing mission" Indirect rule: control over subjects through local institutions--British model • worked best in African societies that were highly organized assumed firm tribal boundaries where often none existed

AFRICA 1880 & 1914

EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC Australia and New Zealand Both became settler colonies in the Pacific 1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it suitable for settlement • ● Became a penal colony after loss of Georgia in American Revolution 1851, gold discovered; surge of European migration to Australia Fertile soil and timber of New Zealand attracted European settlers • Europeans diseases dramatically reduced aboriginal populations Large settler societies forced indigenous peoples onto marginal lands • Pacific Islands Spain and the Pacific • Colonization of Pacific Islands delayed until late nineteenth century Early American visitors to the Pacific • ● US challenged rule in 1854 when Commodore Perry forced Japan to open ports Late nineteenth century, • • Pacific had been a Spanish possession until 19 th century (Philippines, Micronesia) European states sought coaling stations and naval ports By 1900, all islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United States. Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano

U. S. IMPERIALISM ● Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialism ● The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America ● Acquires small Pacific Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867 The Spanish-American War (1898 -99) ● US annexation of Texas set off conflict with Mexico US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory 1867 – 1898 ● 1823: proclamation by U. S. president James Monroe Opposed European imperialism in the Americas Justified American interventions in late 19 th, 20 th century Tended to leave area open only for American investments, loans The Mexican American War 1846 – 1848 ● Americans push west after American revolution Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy continent US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines The Panama Canal, 1903 -1914 Colombian government refused U. S. request to build canal at Panama isthmus US helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build a canal

IMPERIAL JAPAN Japan and the West • • 1854: US Commodore Perry forces Japan out of isolation Japanese resented unequal treaties of 1860 s Borrowed western knowledge Resolved to become imperial power Early Japanese expansion in nearby islands Meiji Government • • • The Sino-Japanese War (1894 -95) • • Rebellion in Korea: Chinese army sent to restore order, reassert authority Meiji leaders declared war against China, demolished Chinese fleet Japan helps suppress Boxer Rebellion, creates own zones in China The Russo-Japanese War (1904 -05) • • Bought British warships, built up navy, began building own ships Established military academies 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at gunpoint Russia had territorial ambitions in Liaodong peninsula, Korea, Manchuria Japanese navy destroyed local Russian forces Japan now a major imperial power Made an alliance with Great Britain 1910: Annexes Korea

ECOLOGICAL IMPERIALISM Europeans brought flora, fauna to their colonies Preferred European animals, crops; drove out native species New crops transformed landscape and society Westerners converted colonial landscape to export • • • Wanted agriculture to be export, profit Converted farming land to use for export crops Plantations used paid, indentured native labor Colonial rule • • • Transformed traditional production of crops and commodities Indian cotton grown to serve British textile industry Inexpensive imported textiles undermined Indian production Examples • • Rain forests of Ceylon converted to tea plantations Rubber plantations transformed Malaya and Sumatra Americans ran sugar, pineapple plantations in Pacific, Hawaii Planted coffee, banana trees in Africa, Americas

MIGRATIONS DUE TO EMPIRE European migration Settler colonies in Canada, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, S. Africa • Most European migrants became cultivators, herders, skilled laborers Britain, Russia • • UK: Canada, Australia, New Zealand Russia: Siberia South Africa • • British acquired South Africa from Dutch in 1815 Pressure led Boers to migrate to the interior Indentured labor, contract labor migration Most from Asia, Africa, and Pacific islands • Indentured migrants to work on plantations Example • • • Indian laborers to Pacific island Caribbean plantations Japanese laborers to Hawaiian sugar plantations Chinese work on building railroads in US

EMPIRES AND SOCIETY Imperialism disrupted old social patterns • Rearranged social hierarchy to suit occupiers’ needs, understandings Europeans, Americans always on top of social hierarchy, lived in capitals, owned wealth Used existing colonial differences to divide locals, control colonies Colonial boundaries cut across ethnic, tribal boundaries further dividing peoples – – Colonial conflict not uncommon in nineteenth century • Glorious Little Wars were often rebellions, resistance to Western encroachment Resistance included boycotts, political parties, anti-colonial publications Conflict among different groups united under colonial rule – – – "Scientific racism" popular in nineteenth century • Race became the measure of human potential – ● Europeans considered superior Non-White Europeans were considered inferior and needed civilization – Social Darwinism: "survival of fittest" used to justify European domination • Colonial experience only reinforced popular racism • – – – Assumed moral superiority of Europeans = White Racial Supremacy Colonizers kept themselves separate from locals, created segregated communities Westerns strongly discouraged from any marriage, mixing with locals

NATIONALISM & IMPERIALISM ● Nationalism heavily involved in imperialism Source of national pride, strength to acquire colonies Non-Westerners soon learned to be nationalist ● ● India Two types of state-structures in India ● ● Sought an Indian society based on European science and traditional Hinduism The Indian National Congress, founded 1885 ● ● Princely States: States ruled by Indian princes, assisted by British officials British possessions: States ruled directly by British Ram Mohan Roy (1772 -1833), "father of modern India" ● Educated Indians met, with British approval, to discuss public affairs Congress aired grievances about colonial rule, sought Indian self-rule 1906, All-India Muslim League ● ● Many studied in Western schools, learned western knowledge to get ahead Formed to advance interests of Indian Muslims Other Examples Sepoy Rebellion in India (1856) Meiji Restoration in Japan 1898 Boxer Rebellion in China 1898 Boer War in South Africa