The Building of Global Empires Chapter 32 Intro

The Building of Global Empires Chapter 32

Intro: Foundations of Empire • Imperialism: control of foreign lands • Motives: political, economic, cultural as justification • Success depended on industrial technology

Motives of Imperialism • Colonialism: structure (pol, econ, soc, cult) that allowed imperial powers to dominate subject lands • settler colonies or political/economic control

Motives of Imperialism (cont. ) • Europeans: imperialism was necessary to their survival • Economic: sources of raw materials, market for finished products, haven for Euro migrants • Political: strategic commercial and military sites, inspire patriotism and popular support • Cultural: spread Christianity (but, missionaries often sided with natives), civilize savages (“white man’s burden”)

Tools of Empire • Motives required industrial technology • Transportation: steamships (-> interior regions), railroads (to move raw materials), canals (e. g. , Suez and Panama – connect oceans/seas) • Military: muskets -> rifles -> machine guns • Communication: transportation, telegraph

Intro: European Imperialism • Second half of 1800 s: huge increase in empire building – British in India – Russia in Central Asia – France and Britain in Southeast Asia – Scramble for Africa

The British Empire in India • Started with BEI Co. : trading posts/warehouses on coasts with Mughal permission • 1700 s: Mughal decline, BEI expansion through diplomacy and force • mid-1800 s: company rule enforced by small British army with Indian troops (=sepoys) • 1857: Sepoy rebellion (sepoys, plus princes, followers, etc. ) – wanted independence – British prevailed (lots of atrocities on both sides)

British Imperial Rule • Consequence of rebellion: direct control under Queen Victoria’s viceroy with mostly English civil service (few Indians in gov’t) • Impact: shift in agriculture (coffee, tea, opium), railroads, telegraph, canals, irrigation, Englishstyle schools for elites

Imperialism in Central Asia • Other European countries joined in: • Russia started trying to gain influence and intelligence against British (= Great Game) • Both sides: mapped, scouted, built alliances = preparing for war • Ended with Russian revolution, but took over Central Asia

Imperialism in Southeast Asia • Spain, Dutch already had territory • British wanted colonies for trade with India and China: 1880 s – Burma (teak, ivory, jade, rubies) and Singapore (strategic spot) • France: 1859 -93 - French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) (Euro-style schools, Catholicism)

The Scramble for Africa • Limited European presence up to 1875: coastal colonies and trading posts, Portuguese colonies (Angola, Mozambique), French (Algeria), Dutch and British (S. Africa) • With end of slave trade, economy was prosperous due to trade with Europeans (gold, ivory, palm oil for textiles, guns, etc. ) • 1875 -1900: everything changed due to desire for resources and competition between European countries

European Explorers • Information from explorers, missionaries, journalists on interior inspired merchants seeking opportunities • 1870 s: King Leopold II of Belgium – personal colony of rubber plantations with forced labor in Congo • 1870 s: Egypt – seeking autonomy -> high taxes -> rebellion – British occupied to protect financial interests and Suez Canal

South Africa • 1652: DEI Co. at Cape Town – Boers/Afrikaners settled and farmed • 1700 s: more migrants -> expansion into native lands -> warfare, enslavement, small pox • 1806: British pushed Dutch farther inland were subjected to English law and language • Slavery was also an issue • -> Great Trek, more conflict with natives, and Dutch republics

South Africa (cont. ) • 1867 -86: diamonds and gold discovered on Boer lands -> tension with Brits • 1899 -1902: Boer War – Many black Africans died on both sides, British concentration camps • 1910: British united republics -> Union of South Africa (autonomous British dominion) – Relations between Europeans got better, but black Africans suffered

The Berlin Conference • 1884 -85: delegates of 12 European states (plus U. S. and Ottomans) met to set rules for colonizing Africa – Rules: notify others of claim and “effective occupation” (conquest or agreements with local leaders) – Also, end of slave trade, policies of civilization and Christianity, commerce and trade • Over next 25 years, all but Ethiopia and Liberia claimed and ruled by Europeans (easy, with military tech. )

Systems of Colonial Rule • Early rule: through concessionary companies (territory to private companies for development and governance) • Direct rule: European personnel representing the gov’t to collect taxes, recruit labor and soldiers, maintain law and order – Boundaries cut through pol/ethnic lines to divide and weaken groups – Difficulties: lack of Euros, slow transp/comm, lack of knowledge of the people

Systems of Colonial Rule (cont. ) • Indirect rule: control through indigenous institutions (tribal authorities, customary laws) • Worked in areas that had already had states

European Imperialism in the Pacific • 2 forms: settler colonies and commercial/military bases of operation • Settler colonies: Australia (and New Zealand) – Australia: criminals, migrants, sheep, gold – NZ: migrants, sheep – Impact on natives: disease, conflict, displacement

Imperialists in Paradise • = Pacific islands • Used for commercial/military purposes (e. g. , coaling stations, resupply ports) • Partitioned between Britain, France, Germany, and U. S. at Berlin Conference • Later, raw material sources (sugarcane, copra, minerals, guano)

Intro: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers • By end of 1800 s, U. S. and Japan had joined in (after rapid industrialization and building of powerful armed forces)

U. S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific • Started with manifest destiny (then Alaska, Hawaii) • 1823: Monroe Doctrine (against imperialism in the western hemisphere) • Americas = U. S. protectorate, intervention is justified

Spanish-American War and a Canal • 1898 -99: anticolonial tension in Cuba and P. R. – U. S. got involved to protect its interests – Won, and gained P. R. , Cuba, Guam, Philippines and established colonial gov’ts • Intervened elsewhere in the Caribbean and Central America, too • In order to build canal to connect oceans, supported Panamanian independence (= Roosevelt corollary)

Imperial Japan • Wanted to improve international standing: Meiji reforms • 1870 s: E. Asian islands • 1876: unequal treaty with Korea • 1894: Sino-Japanese War – over Korea; Japan easily won and China recognized Korean independence (but really under Japan’s control); -> unequal treaty with China

Imperial Japan (cont. ) • Tension with Russia over northeast Asian lands • 1904: Russo-Japanese war – Japan prevailed; gained railroad and economic interests in Manchuria and colonial power over Korea • Japan = imperial power

Intro: Legacies of Imperialism • Big impact – World became even more interconnected – Conflict and increasing sense of differences and superiority – Development of national identities and anti-colonial movements

Empire and Economy • reorganized societies and economies for maximum extraction (e. g. , cotton in India, tea in Ceylon, rubber in Malaya) • increasing global trade (profits to colonial powers)

Labor Migrations • 2 patterns resulted from imperialism: – European migrants: to settler colonies in temperate lands as farmers or industrial laborers – Asia, African, Pacific Islander migrants to tropical/subtropical lands (Americas, Africa, Oceania) as indentured servants on plantations or manual laborers in mining or construction

Empire and Society • Interactions between groups -> conflict (over foreign rule, treatment by officials, European schools, taxes, lack of economic freedom) and stronger ethnic identities • Resistance and rebellions: – Religious leaders (e. g. , Magi magi in Tanganyika (1905)) – Boycott, political parties and organizations, anticolonial publications

Scientific and Popular Racism • 1840 s: race linked to characteristics – 4 races: Africans, Asians, Native Americans, Europeans • After 1860 s: Social Darwinism “explained” why some groups had succeeded and others hadn’t (and, thus, need to be ruled) • Racial prejudices also held by general public • -> justified European imperialism and domination over subject peoples

Nationalism and Anti-colonial Movements • Imperialism/colonialism -> development of strong national identities among subject peoples and organization of anti-colonial movements • Often organized by European-educated, native elites influenced by Enlightenment ideas • 1885: Indian National Congress – to communicate issues with British gov’t – By 1900: wanted self-rule – Call for independence continued to grow