THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES Chapter 32 Foundations

THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES Chapter 32

Foundations of Empire

MOTIVES OF IMPERIALISM Modern Imperialism & Modern Colonialism • • • Imperialism- domination of European powers (later U. S. & Japan) over subject lands Came through force or trade & business activities with subject lands Influenced subject lands w/o political control Colonialism was about the political, social, economic and cultural structures that let imperial powers dominate subject lands Business people began to control domestic & foreign policies Subject lands began to believe colonialism was needed for survival of their land Political Motives Of Imperialism Economic Motives Of Imperialism • • • Imperialism was in the economic interest of Euro societies Exploit raw materials Stated colonies would consume manufactured goods Could send migrants to colonies • • Even if colonies weren’t economically successful they were still politically and militarily important Provided advantages over other Euro countries Domestically imperialism defused social tensions & inspire patriotism Cultural Justification Of Imperialism • • • Christian missionaries went to Africa & Asia to convert Opposed imperialist ventures Sometimes serve as a liaison b/w imperialists & subject peoples French had mission civilsatrice “white man’s burden”

TOOLS OF EMPIRE Transportation Technologies • • New technologies for transport helped est. imperialism Steamships and railroads Steamships used militarily Allowed to go deep into interior regions Constructed new canals (Suez & Panama) lowered cost of trade Railroads maintained hegemony & organize local economies Military Technologies Communication Technologies • • • Breech loading firearms 1880 s maxim gun Europeans had a stronger army than anyone else in the world Imposed colonial rule • • Ocean steamships reduced time to deliver messages Telegraph, submarine cables make it faster to deliver messages Dominate powers monopolized the communication lines

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM

THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA Company Rule Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny) • • • After Aurangzeb’s death, Mughal goes into decline East India Company takes advantages and strengthens itself in area Company conquered autonomous kingdoms “Doctrine of Lapse”-Indian ruler produced no male heir territories lapsed to the company • • • Not all agreed w/foreign rule Sepoys (Indian soldiers) upset at cartridge rifles lubricated w/pig and cow fat Insulting to both Hindus and Muslims Mutiny occurs Widespread atrocities on combatants & noncombatants Britain gains upper hand Peace declared in 1858 British Imperial Rule • • Britain abolishes Mughal rule Abolished East India Company and directly ruled India via British gov’t British Sec. of State in charge of India British rule transformed India: cleared forests, restructured landholdings, crops (tea, opium, coffee), RR, telegraph, canals, irrigation systems

IMPERIALISM IN C. ASIA AND SE ASIA British Colonies in SE Asia The Great Game French Indo-China • • • Imperial expansion brought much of C. Asia under Russian control & hegemony until 1991 Competition led to further imperialism into SE Asia Spanish Phillipines Dutch tightened control to the Indies • • • British spread imperialism to SE Asia for trade w/India British imperialized: Burma, Malaya, Melaka Imperialism provided control of sea lanes in the Indian Ocean and S. China Sea • • • Built the largest SE Asian colony (modern day Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) European style schools Est. connection w/native elites Promote Christianity Catholicism prominent esp. in Vietnam ALL SE Asia came under European imperial rule EXCEPT Thailand (buffer)

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA European Explorers In Africa • • W/in 25 yrs Europe imperialized and partitioned almost all of Africa aka “Scramble for Africa” Europeans charted interior regions of Africa Interested in resources King Leopold of Belgium est. colony called Congo Free State-free trade zone Est. rubber plantations w/brutal conditions, high taxes, inhumanities Britain est. imperial presence in Egypt • • South Africa The Berlin Conference Dutch East India Co. est. Cape Town • Euros move beyond company control and farm Settlers aka Boers aka Afrikaner claimed destiny to settle there • British takeover further • Afrikaner expansion End of slavery from Brits hurt Afrikaners leave make the Great Trek. Colonize in an area w/diamonds Boer war-Brits v. Afrikaners Brits win, try to resolve issue through domination of black Africans Delegates from 12 Euro states including U. S. & Ottomans divided up Africa No African present Rules: colonial powers had to notify each other of claims, followed by “effective occupation” (signed agreement/military conquest), end slave trade, civilize, Christianize and trade Systems of Colonia Rule • Colonial rule in Africa came at high costs • Concessionary Companiesprivate companies could undertake economic activities, implement systems of tax & labor recruitment • Downfalls: brutal forced labor, small profits • Direct rule-administration headed by European personnel who took care of taxation, military, labor & law • Indirect rule-using existing “tribal” authorities and “customary law” as colonial foundation • Even that was subject to colonial interpretation

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE PACIFIC Imperialists in Paradise Settler Colonies in the Pacific • • British fleet takes convicts to Australia Est. new colony with convicts Migrants self-sufficient Migration created conflicts b/w migrants and indigenous British considered land terra nulliusland belonging to no one Treaty of Waitangi-New Zealand under British protectorate Treaty was actually official British control New Zealand • • Main European visitors to the Pacific Islands were whalers, merchants and missionaries Naval vessels showed up to put down conflicts b/w Europeans and islanders No direct colonial rule in the Pacific Islands until the 19 th century The Berlin Conference also split Oceania and the Pacific Islands.

THE EMERGENCE OF NEW IMPERIAL POWERS

U. S. IMPERIALISM IN L. AMERICA AND THE PACIFIC The Spanish Cuban American War The Monroe Doctrine The Panama Canal • • Monroe Doctrine- issued by Pres. James Monroe. The U. S. was the protectorate of the Americas and warned European nations not to interfere U. S. enforced mostly informal influence Promoted free trade in the area 1867 U. S. purchases Alaska 1898 U. S. acquires • • • Anti-colonial tensions in Cuba & Puerto Rico U. S. S. Maine exploded in Havana harbor, U. S. claims sabotage Declares war on Spain Easily defeats Spain, U. S. gets the following territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines Est. colonial gov’t Philippines tries to thrust out colonial gov’t in an insurrection but are unsuccessful • • To speed up communication and trade the U. S. plans to build a canal across C. America. Isthmus of Panama is best location Colombia doesn’t want to give up land Pres. Roosevelt aids rebel forces in Colombia to overthrow gov’t In exchange rebel forces allow U. S. to build the Panama Canal Zone “Roosevelt Corollary”-right for U. S. to intervene in domestic affairs of nations in the western hemisphere of the nations showed an inability to maintain security to protect U. S. investments

IMPERIAL JAPAN Early Japanese Expansion • • Starts w/E. Asian islands Forestall Russian expansion to the north Hegemony in Okinawa & Ryukyu Purchase warships from Britain Force Korea to unequal treaties as well Russo-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War • • Conflict arose in Korea Fearing China would take over Korea Japan declares war on China Japan defeats China and recognizes Korea as independent China also cedes Taiwan, Pescadores Islands and Liaodong European powers surprised by victory, esp. Russia and Japanese tensions grow • • • War occurs in 1904 Japan defeats Russia before reinforcements could arrive Japan will get colonial authority of Korea & Liaodong, along with RR & economic interest in Manchuria

LEGACIES OF IMPERIALISM

EMPIRE AND ECONOMY Economic and Social Changes • • • Colonial rule changed the reason for production of crops Crops were now produce more for export (ex. Cotton) rather than local consumption Shipped cotton to England to create textiles sold it back to India Hurt India cotton cloth production India change to raw cotton exporter and consumer of British textiles Colonial rule sometimes led to new crops in the area (ex. Tea in India

LABOR MIGRATIONS Indentured Labor Migration European Migration • • 1800 -1914: 50 million Euros left their homes to migrate elsewhere, overseas 32 million went to the U. S. Most migrants were free but some were indentured servants • • • Migrants from Asia, Africa and Pacific Islands were usually indentured servants 1820 -1914: 2. 5 mil. Were indentured migrants Labor recruiters offered them basic necessities for 5 -7 yrs labor Most from India • • • Empire and Migrations showed the influence of imperial powers Migration was possible because of the est. European colonies in areas around the world Migration took large groups of different ethnicities to lands far from their homes

EMPIRE AND SOCIETY Colonial Conflict • • Often violent conflicts arose b/w colonizers and subject peoples Rebellions took place from traditional beliefs If they could not revolt they would boycott European goods, organize political parties, publish anticolonial rhetoric, anti-colonial policies through religious groups Workers lived w/in their own ethnic groups but intermingled at work Scientific Racism • • • Social and cultural differences started Scientific Racism French nobleman Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau stated race was the most important factor of human potential Humanity was divided into 4 main groups: Africans (unintelligent & lazy), Asians (smart but docile) Native (dull & arrogant)Europeans (intelligent, noble, morally superior) Based racial groups on physical features Social Darwinism reflected this idea with “survival of the fittest” Popular Racism • • Reps of imperial and colonial powers routinely adopted racist views Sense of superiority over subject peoples

NATIONALISM AND ANTI-COLONIAL MOVEMENTS Indian Nat’l Congress Ram Mohan Roy • • Indian elites create a sense of Indian identity Ram Mohan Roy-intellectual, “father of modern India” called for society based on modern European science & devotional Hinduism, end sati, improve status of women through education & property rights By mid-century 1800 s Indians began to call for self-government Called for European enlightenment ideas (pop. Sovereignty, freedom, equality) but also used them to criticize British regime • • • Indian National Congress-reform group of educated Indians told their views to colonial officials (group approved by Britain) By 19 th c. the group wanted self-rule 1909 they had limited say, allowed wealthy Indians to elect reps to local councils Call for self rule increasingly grew in the 20 th c. Indian nationalism served as models for anticolonial campaigns Turned European enlightenment values back against the Europeans