The Bones of Limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

The Bones of Limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

Bones of upper limb Composition: n Should girdle q Clavicle q Scapula n Bones of free upper limb q Arm: humerus q Forearm n n q Radius Ulna Bones of hand n n n Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges of fingers

Clavicle n n “S” shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backward Sternal end medially and acromial end laterally

Scapula Three borders n n n Superior: coracoid process scapular notch Lateral (axillary) border Medial (vertebral) border Three angles n n n Superior: opposite to the 2 nd rib Inferior: opposite to the 7 th rib or 7 th intercostals space Lateral: glenoid cavity supra- and infraglenoid tubercles Two surfaces n n Anterior surface concave: subscapular fossa Posterior surface: q q q spine of scapula acromion supra- and infraspinous fossae

Humerus Upper end: n n n n Head of humerus Anatomical neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Crest of greater tubercle Crest of lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Surgical neck

Humerus Shaft: n Deltoid tuberosity (on n Groove for radial lateral surface) nerve (on posterior surface)

Humerus Lower end: n Lateral epicondyle n Medial epicondyle n Capitulum n Trochlea n Coranoid fossa (anteriorly) n Radial fossa (anteriorly) n Olecranon fossa (posteriorly) n Sulcus for ulnar nerve

Radius Upper end: n n head of radius neck of radius radial tuberosity articular circumference Shaft： n interosseous border Lower end: n n n styloid process (laterally) ulnar notch (medially) carpal articular surface (inferiorly)

Ulnar Upper end: n n n Olecranon coronoid process trochlear notch radial notch ulnar tubersity Lower end n n styloid process head of ulna

Anteroposterior radiograph of the forearm of a girl aged 11

Colles’ fracture n n Normally, the radial styloid process projects further distally than the ulnar styloid process. Consequently, when fracture within the distal 2 cm of the radius (Colles’ fracture) occurs, this relationship is reversed because of shortening of the radius.

Carpal bones Proximal row ― (lateral to medial) n n Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Distal row ― (lateral to medial) n n Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Carpal bones H. C. Tq. P. Td. Tm. L. scaphoid, lunate, triquetral and pisiform trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate S.

Metacarpal bones n n Numbered one to five from thumb to little finger Structure of each q q q base (proximally) Shaft head (distally)

Phalanges of fingers n n Consist of 14 ―two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other four digits Structure of each q q base (proximally) Shaft trochlea of phalanx (distally) tuberosity of distal phalanx

Bones of Lower Limb Composition: n Pelvic girdle: hip bone n Bones of free lower limb: q Thigh n n q Leg n n q Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Foot n n n Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges of toes

Hip bone Consisting of three fused bones n n n Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum n n Formed by bodies of ilium, ischium and pubis Lunate surface Acetabular fossa Acetabular notch

Ilium Body of ilium Ala of ilium n n n Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Tubercle of iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Gluteal surface Iliac fossa Arcuate line Auricular surface Iliac tuberosity

n An imaginary line joining the highest point on the iliac crests over the fourth lumbar spine.

n n n Body of ischium Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Ramus of ischium ischial tuberosity

n Body of pubis q n Superior ramus of pubis q q n Iliopubic eminence pecten of pubis pubic tubercle pubic crest symphysial surface Inferior ramus of pubis q Obturator foramen

Femur Upper end n n n n Femoral head Fovea of femoral head Neck of femur Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest

Fracture of the femoral neck

Femur Shaft: n n Linea aspera Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Popliteal surface

Femur Lower end: n n n n Medial condyle Lateral condyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Patellar surface

Upper end: n n Medial and lateral condyles Intercondylar eminence fibular articular surface tuberosity of tibia Shaft n n Interosseous border Soleal line Lower end: n n Tibia Fibular notch Medial malleolus

Fibula Upper end: n n fibular head neck of fibula Shaft: n interosseous border Lower end: n lateral malleolus

Patella n triangular sesamoid bone

Tarsal bones Consist of seven short bones arranged in three row Posterior row n n talus calcaneus Intermediate row n navicular bone Anterior row n n Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform cuboid bone

Metatarsal bones n n Consist of five elongated bones, numbered one to five medial to lateral Structure of each ―base (proximally), shaft, and head (distally) in each

Phalanges of toes Consist of 14―two for first toe (hallux) and three for each of other four toes ※Surface landmarks: q q trochlea of talus calcaneal tuberosity of navicular bone tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone