The Black Civil Rights Movement The Jim Crow
The Black Civil Rights Movement
The Jim Crow South �Right after Reconstruction state legislatures passed laws aimed at keeping blacks from voting. � Jim Crow Laws � Poll tax � Literacy test � Grandfather clause
Segregation= forced separation of races. � Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Homer Plessy arrested for sitting on a train in a “white” coach. Court rules that the law could require separate facilities as long as they were equal.
Integration= an end to racial segregation � Brown v. Board of Education Segregation makes equal education impossible. Schools must desegregate with “all deliberate speed. ”
The Late 1800’s The Age of Jim Crow q Legal Segregation laws were passed in various Southern States- named after a blackface minstrel’s famous song q. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the Jim Crow laws & deemed “separate but equal” constitutional q. Institutionalized segregation and lynching became common place. Jump Jim Crow
Foremothers and Forefathers of the Civil Rights Movement
Ida B. Wells-Barnett �Black Journalist who led the Red-Crusade �Co-founder of the NAACP �Called for immediate equality for Blacks
Booker T. Washington �Preached Accomodationism/ Gradualism �Stressed vocational training- Tuskeegee Institute. �Saw economic success as the key to white acceptance
W. E. B. Du Bois �Co-founder of the NAACP �Preached immediate equality �Aggressive political agenda: black suffrage, abolition of segregation, and social equality
Marcus Garvey �Established the UNIA- Universal Negro Improvement Association �Stressed racial unity and influenced many of the black power/pride groups of the 1960’s
Dark Days: The Great War, Roaring 20 s WWI: 400, 000 African Americans served in segregated unitsquestioned why they were denied the freedoms they fought to secure for others Black Migration 1910 -1940 s: Almost 2 Million African Americans migrated North due to low wages, crop failures and unemployment 1920 s: Rise of the KKK- once again target blacks amongst others Harlem Renaissance: Culture movement in NYC reflected black pride, identity & unity. Many black icons emerged.
The Great Depression, New Deal & WWII �New Deal: FDR didn’t support black efforts to eliminate poll taxes or pass anti-lynching laws. However, the Fair Employment Practices Commission was passed. Many African Americans joined the Democratic Party. �WWII: I million black Americans served; discrimination grew & lynchings increased; black enrollment in civil rights organization increased dramatically �Truman Administration: Appointed a presidential commission on Civil Rights; banned segregation in the armed forces; biggest impact-appointment of Supreme Court Justices
Black Icons & Sports Heroes Joe Lewis Jackie Robinson Jessie Owens
Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas 1954 � Supreme Court ruled unanimously that segregation is not equal over turning Plessy � NAACP legal defense led by Thurgood Marshall � Brown II (1955)- Schools must integrate “with all deliberate speed”
Lynching of Emmett Till August 27, 1955 � 14 yr. Old boy who talked and perhaps whistled at a white woman �Beaten and shot to death by white men �Became a martyr for the cause as the media publicized the story shocking many Northerners
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 -56 �Montgomery, Alabama: Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat & her arrest inspired the boycott of city busses �The SCLC led by Dr. Martin Luther king, Jr. used civil disobedience to protest segregation of public facilities � 381 days of boycotting the AL bus company desegregated
Little Rock Crisis-1957 �Arkansas governor resists integration of Little Rock Central High School �President Eisenhower called in the National Guard to enforce Brown
The Greensboro Four-1960 � 4 students from NC A&T State University sat at a whites-only lunch counter at the Woolworth Store �They were beaten & arrested �By the 4 th day the original four grew to hundreds and more sitins grew �Led to the integration of lunch counters at Woolworth’s and other chains
JFK Civil Rights Address 1963 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= AYu. VKb. EPgoc
March on Washington- August 3 rd 1963 �Sponsored by many Civil Rights organizations �Over 200, 000 blacks and white brethren marched on DC demanding “freedom now” �King gave his “I have a Dream” speech Revealed growing restlessness and division w/in the ranks of black leadership
Malcolm X & Black Power �Joined Elijah Muhammad’s Black Muslim movement �“The day of nonviolent resistance is over. If they have the Ku Klux Klan nonviolent, then I’ll be nonviolent…” �Assassinated on Feb. 21, 1965 after breaking from the Nation of Islam and establishing his own organization
Voting Rights Act of 1965 �Voting Rights Act signed into law by LBJ �Act makes literacy tests illegal �Authorizes the federal govt. to register voters where local registrars refuse to do so Number of Black Southern Legislators, 1868 -1900 and 19601992
1967 Riots �Riots had previously broke out in 65 & 66 �Summer of 67 - racial rioting hit 65+ cities across the nation �Reflection of the frustration of poor blacks �Army tanks were used to quell the violence in Detroit
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. • April 3 rd, 1968 King gave his last and one of his most famous speeches: “The Mountain Top” • MLK was shot and killed the next day by James Earl Ray
The End of the Civil Rights Movt. Ø Many people mark the end of the movement with the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. ØAlthough the movement brought political equality, many argue that it did not go far enough in securing economic and social equality ØUrban poverty still a major problem and even with the passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 64 & 68 which forbade race discrimination in industry, employment, housing, and edu. institutionalized racism continued
Affirmative Action Programs �Emerged in the 1970 s and have been debated and litigated since �Supported hiring and promotion of minorities and women �Regents of University of CA v. Bakke (1978): Upheld affirmative action but made the quota system illegal
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