THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE GENETIC FACTORS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ¢ GENETIC FACTORS ¢ THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ¢ THE BRAIN ¢ THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ¢ THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION ¢ NEUROPHARMACOLOGY ¢ PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY ¢ INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS http: //www. morphonix. com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens. html

THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION ¢ ¢ ¢ Neuroanatomy Neuropathology Neurochemistry Neuropharmacology Neuropsychology

THE NEURON

Types of Neurons

Communication ¢ ¢ ¢ Neurons “fire” Action Potential releases neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and bind to the post-synaptic membrane of the neighboring neuron(s) Excitatory or inhibitory The circle of events continues… The network of neural cells is highly specialized

http: //www. morphonix. com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens. html

Purkinje Cell • Main players in the cerebellum • Long Distance Connections • Most number of connections http: //www. morphonix. com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens. html

The Brain

BROCA’S AREA FOR SPEECH

BRAIN AT 15 WEEKS GESTATION

BRAIN AT 32 WEEKS GESTATION

cerebellum pons

¢ Medulla l Breathing l Heart rate regulation ¢ Pons l Reticular formation • Sleep • Arousal ¢ Cerebellum l Many fine folds; large surface area l Muscle movement & muscle tone l Balance l Some learning & memory

¢ Hindbrain l l l ¢ Midbrain l l ¢ Medulla Reticular formation Cerebellum Dopamine produced Relay of visual and auditory signals Forebrain l Diencephalon • Hypothalamus • thalamus l Telencephalon • cortex Divisions of the Brain

THE BRAIN

Diencephalon ¢ Thalamus l “relay station” for sensory information (except smell) • Directs sensory signals to appropriate areas of cortex ¢ Hypothalamus l l Involved in motivated behavior (feeding, drinking, sex) Regulates the internal environment of the body • Fight-or-flight response • Endocrine System • Temperature Control

LIMBIC LOBE GRAPHIC OVERLAY

Limbic System (purple) Hippocampus (blue)

Basal Ganglia ¢ Initiates Movement l e. g. , walking ¢ Gross motor control ¢ Many smaller structures ¢ Affected in Parkinson’s

Sensorimotor Cortex, Left Hemisphere

OLFACTORY TRACT

BRAIN IMAGING ¢ ¢ ¢ COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CT) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (MRS) SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT) POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT)

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT SCAN)

PET SCAN NORMAL AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE