THE BACTERIA KINGDOMS The Two Kingdoms 1 ARCHAEBACTERIA

THE BACTERIA KINGDOMS

The Two Kingdoms 1. � ARCHAEBACTERIA Live in harsh conditions 2. � EUBACTERIA More normal and common bacteria

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Archaebacteria � � � Archaebacteria are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are: single celled without a nucleus organisms and are the smallest and simplest forms of life. Archaebacteria are found in anaerobic and extreme conditions (high salt, high temperature, and/or very acidic. ) � These are believed to be the conditions on the early Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain oxygen, therefore the earliest organisms were anaerobic. � Anaerobic can live in the absence of oxygen

Halobacterium salinarum � � Lives in extremely salty places. Picture on the right shows a salty pond in the Arabian desert that has turned red due to the presence of Halobacterium salinarum

Thermus thermophilus � Thermus thermophilus is an archaean which can withstand very high temperatures. � Often lives in hot springs like those found at Yellowstone.

EUBACTERIA

Eubacteria � � Eubacteria are also prokaryotes. Eubacteria is made up of more traditional bacteria and is a larger kingdom than archaebacteria. They are found in almost all habitats. Eubacteria are unicellular and have no membrane-bound organelles. � ie: no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, or Golgi apparatus.

ALL BACTERIA Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

3 Shapes of Bacteria 1. 2. 3. Cocci spherical Bacilli rod shaped Spirilla spiral shaped

Cilia and Flagella � Cilia and Flagella allow a bacterium to move. � Cilia are hair-like and work like oars in a boat. Repetitive beating allows the cell to move. � If a bacteria cannot move cilia can also move water across the cell’s surface. � Flagella are whip-like and wave back and forth to move the cell.

Nutrition � � Most bacteria are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs feed on other organisms. � These include parasites which live and feed off of a living host � and decomposers that feed on dead and decaying organisms � � Some bacteria are autotrophs. Autotrophs use chemicals or photosynthesis as a form of energy.

Reproduction Bacteria reproduce either asexually or sexually. Asexual Reproduction � � Prokaryotes reproduce by splitting in two in a process called binary fission. The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two identical cells. Sexual Reproduction � � Combines genes from two different individuals. Prokaryotes that do not technically reproduce sexually can still mix genes with one another.

Mixing Genes � 1. 2. 3. � � Cells that do not reproduce sexually can still mix genes through three processes: Conjugation- Two cells briefly join and one cell donates DNA to the other. Transformation – Bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from the environment. Transduction- viruses can transfer pieces of DNA from one cell to another These processes add genetic diversity to bacteria. Mutation is also a large source of genetic diversity in bacteria.

Bacteria and Disease � 1. 2. Bacteria cause disease in two ways: By damaging tissues and breaking down cells for food By releasing toxins that interfere with the normal bodily functions of the host.

Treating Bacterial Disease � 1. To treat diseases caused by bacteria we use: Vaccines small doses of live bacteria, killed bacteria, or parts of bacterial cells which cause an immune response. � 2. Vaccines allow your body to learn how to kill a bacteria without getting sick. Antibiotics drugs that interfere with the growth of bacteria