The Aztec Diego Rivera mural La Gran Tenochtitln
- Slides: 30
The Aztec Diego Rivera mural, La Gran Tenochtitlàn
Major Global Development The last Mesoamerican civilization before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors, the Aztec built a hierarchical society based upon war, religion, tribute, and sacrifice.
Chichimeca Migration • Came from Aztlàn • Chichimecas first left in 900 CE
Aztec Empire • Mexica migrated to Lake Texcoco in 1325 CE • Worshipped Huitzilopchtli • 200, 000 – 700, 000 people in Tenochtitlàn
Tenochtitlàn • Aztec capital, founded in 1325 CE
Chinampas “Floating Gardens”
Pulque
Aztec Society • Highly stratified • Elites were 5 – 10% of population • Macehualtin = Peasants + Artisans • Slaves = 5% of Tenochtitlàn
Gender Differences • Umbilical cord of girls = under the house • Umbilical cord of boys = given to warriors • Sweeping as a spiritual task
Tribute • Once or twice per year • Clothing, maize, animals, stones, jewelry
Religion • Ometeotl = “Two God” mother/father to all gods • Texcatlipoca = “Smoking Mirror, ” supreme power • Xochiquetzal = (Goddess) Pregnancy, weaving • Tlazolteotl = (Goddess) Carnal love, sin, filth • Mixcoatl = Patron of Chichimecas • Huitzilopochtli = War & sun • Quetzalcoatl = Wind • Tlaloc = Rain
Xipe Totec • God of Spring • Flayed skins • Priests wore the skins
Tlaloc • God of rain • Preferred children • Death by drowning
Why did sacrifice matter? • Pleasing gods • A way to avoid destruction • Projecting power of rulers
Death • • • Mictlan Dog as “soul companion” 4 years of wandering Cremation vs. burial Mummies
Cihuateteo • “The Divine Women” • Goddesses who died during childbirth • Accompany the sun from zenith to sunset
Moctezuma • Became Aztec emperor in 1500 • Waited for return of Quetzalcoatl
Quetzalcoatl • “The Feathered Serpent” • Tall, bearded, white god who was going to return
Who were the Conquistadors? • Most had experience in the Caribbean • Most were lower middle class, a small # were “hidalgos” • All expected wealth, land, slaves, & political positions • Most died in Mesoamerica & South America
Cortès & the Maya • First encountered in the Yucatan in 1519 • 1, 500 Yucatan Maya & 37 Spaniards died • Geronimo de Aguilar, shipwrecked for 8 years
Who was Malinche? • Malintzìn, Doña Marina, Malinche • Given to Cortès as a slave • Spoke Nahuatl, Maya, & Spanish
18 th Century Spanish Depiction of Cortès & Moctezuma’s First Meeting
Reasons for the Fall of the Aztecs • Disease: Smallpox, typhoid, cholera, malaria, influenza • Technology & Weaponry • Native Allies angry with the Aztecs
Skulls in the Templo Mayor ruins Tenochtitlàn today
Religion & Colonization • Aztec temples destroyed • Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian friars in charge of conversion to Catholicism
Key Chronological Events • The Chichimeca wandered out of Aztlàn by the command of Huitzilopochtli. • Human sacrifice served multiple purposes for this religious civilization that emphasized the power of conquest. • The Aztec’s strict tribute system allowed the Spanish conquistadors to find allies in their war against the Aztec.
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