THE ATOMIC THEORY Foundations of Atomic Theory Law

THE ATOMIC THEORY

Foundations of Atomic Theory Law of Conservation of Mass is neither destroyed nor created during ordinary chemical reactions. Law of Definite Proportions The fact that a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound. Law of Multiple Proportions If two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first elements is always a ratio of small whole numbers.

Conservation of Atoms 2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2 O John Dalton H H 2 H O 2 + H 2 H O H 2 O H H 4 atoms hydrogen 2 atoms oxygen Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3 rd Edition, 1990, page 204 4 atoms hydrogen 2 atoms oxygen

Legos are Similar to Atoms H 2 H H H O + O O 2 O H H H Lego's can be taken apart and built into many different things. Atoms can be rearranged into different substances.

Conservation of Mass High voltage Before reaction electrodes After reaction glass chamber O 2 High voltage H 2 O O 2 5. 0 g H 2 80 g O 2 45 ? g H 2 O 300 g (mass of chamber) + 385 g total 40 g O 2 300 g (mass of chamber) + 385 g total Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3 rd Edition, 1990, page 204

Law of Definite Proportions Joseph Louis Proust (1754 – 1826) • Each compound has a specific ratio of elements • It is a ratio by mass • Water is always 8 grams of oxygen for every one gram of hydrogen

The Law of Multiple Proportions • Dalton could not use his theory to determine the elemental compositions of chemical compounds because he had no reliable scale of atomic masses. • Dalton’s data led to a general statement known as the law of multiple proportions. • Law states that when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that are present per gram of the first element can almost always be expressed as the ratios of integers. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

An unsatisfactory model for the hydrogen atom According to classical physics, light should be emitted as the electron circles the nucleus. A loss of energy would cause the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus and eventually spiral into it. Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2 nd Edition, page 294

Quantum Mechanical Model Niels Bohr & Albert Einstein Modern atomic theory describes the electronic structure of the atom as the probability of finding electrons within certain regions of space (orbitals).

Modern View • The atom is mostly empty space • Two regions – Nucleus • protons and neutrons – Electron cloud • region where you might find an electron

Models of the Atom Dalton’s model Greek model (1803) (400 B. C. ) 1803 John Dalton pictures atoms as tiny, indestructible particles, with no internal structure. . . 1895 e e + e +e +e + e +e - Thomson’s plum-pudding model (1897) 1897 J. J. Thomson, a British scientist, discovers the electron, leading to his "plum-pudding" model. He pictures electrons embedded in a sphere of positive electric charge. 1900 - + Rutherford’s model (1909) 1911 New Zealander Ernest Rutherford states that an atom has a dense, positively charged nucleus. Electrons move randomly in the space around the nucleus. 1905 1904 Hantaro Nagaoka, a 1910 Japanese physicist, suggests that an atom has a central nucleus. Electrons move in orbits like the rings around Saturn. Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3 rd Edition, 1990, page 125 - 1915 Bohr’s model (1913) Charge-cloud model (present) 1926 Erwin Schrödinger 1913 In Niels Bohr's develops mathematical equations to describe the motion of electrons in atoms. His work leads to the electron cloud model, the electrons move in spherical orbits at fixed distances from the nucleus. 1920 1924 Frenchman Louis 1925 de Broglie proposes that moving particles like electrons have some properties of waves. Within a few years evidence is collected to support his idea. 1930 1932 James Chadwick, a British physicist, confirms the existence of neutrons, which have no charge. Atomic nuclei contain neutrons and positively charged protons. 1935

Particles in the Atom Electrons (-) charge no mass located outside the nucleus 1 amu located inside the nucleus Protons (+) charge Neutrons no charge

Discovery of the Neutron + + James Chadwick bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha particles, carbon-12 atoms were formed, and neutrons were emitted. Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3 rd Edition, page 764 *Walter Boethe

Subatomic particles Name Symbol Charge Relative mass Actual mass (g) Electron e- -1 Proton p+ +1 1 1. 67 x 10 -24 Neutron no 0 1 1. 67 x 10 -24 1/1840 9. 11 x 10 -28

Subatomic Particles ATOM NUCLEUS ELECTRONS PROTONS NEUTRONS Positive Charge Neutral Charge Negative Charge equal in a neutral Atomic Most Number of the atom’s mass. atom equals the # of. . . QUARKS Courtesy Christy Johannesson www. nisd. net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Symbols Contain the symbol of the element, the mass number and the atomic number # protons + # neutrons mass number # protons Mass number Atomic number X

Symbols • Find the – number of protons = 9 + – number of neutrons = 10 – number of electrons = 9 – Atomic number = 9 – Mass number = 19 19 9 F

Symbols Find the – number of protons = 35 – number of neutrons = 45 – number of electrons = 35 – Atomic number = 35 – Mass number = 80 http: //www. chem. purdue. edu/gchelp/liquids/bromine. gif 80 35 Br

Symbols Find the – number of protons = 11 – number of neutrons = 12 – number of electrons = 11 – Atomic number = 11 – Mass number = 23 23 11 Na Sodium atom

Symbols Find the – number of protons = 11 – number of neutrons = 12 – number of electrons = 10 – Atomic number = 11 – Mass number = 23 23 11 Na Sodium ion 1+