The Atmel ATmega 2560 microcontroller David CruzLopez Enrico

The Atmel ATmega 2560 microcontroller David Cruz-Lopez, Enrico Ruffolo, Oishee Nandy, Lavanya Upadhyaya

Introduction to microcontrollers ● Developed using VSLI technology on a single chip ● Available in different word lengths from 4 bit to 128 bit ● Components - memory, peripherals and a processor (most crucial) ● Designed and implemented to execute a specific function ● Has features required for a computing system; functions as a computer without external digital parts

Microcontrollers structure ● Contains the following parts: ○ Central Processing Unit (CPU) ■ Brain of the microcontroller ○ Random Access Memory (RAM) ○ Read Only Memory (ROM) ■ ○ Input/output ports ■ ○ Parallel ports for devices such as LCDs Timers and Counters ■ ○ Storing program source codes Clock functions, modulations, pulsations Interrupt Controls ■ Provides delay for a working program

○ Timers and Counters ■ ○ Digital output has various applications DAC ■ ○ Provides delay for a working program ADC ■ ○ Clock functions, modulations, pulsations Interrupt Controls ■ ○ Structure continued Controls DC motos, drives, etc. Serial interfacing ports ■ Allows connection for interfacing with other microcontrollers or PCs ○ Oscillatory circuits ■ Produce square, triangle, square sine waves

AVR Microcontrollers overview ● AVR is a family of microcontrollers developed in 1996 developed by Atmel Corporation, which designs and manufactures semiconductors ● ○ AVR was taken over by Microchip Technology in 2016 ○ These microcontrollers are modified Harvard architecture 8 -bit single-chip microcontrollers ○ Based on advanced RISC architecture AVR microcontrollers come in 3 categories: ○ Tiny. AVR – Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications ○ Mega. AVR – These are the most popular ones having good amount of memory (upto 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex applications. ○ Xmega. AVR – Used commercially for complex applications, which require large program memory and high speed.

ATmega 2560 device overview ● ● ● High performance, low power microchip Runs at 16 MHz 8 -bit microcontroller that combines the following components: ○ 256 KB ISP flash memory: program resides in flash memory ○ 8 KB SRAM: static random access memory which stores variables ○ 4 KB EEPROM: electrically erasable programmable read only memory ○ 54 digital I/O lines ○ 16 Analog Input Pins ○ 4 Serial Ports ○ 15 PWM Ports; pulse width modulation ○ Real time counter ○ 6 flexible timer/counters with compare modes ○ 4 USARTs ○ 2 -wire serial interface ○ 16 -channel 10 -bit A/D converter ○ JTAG interface for on-chip debugging

Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages ● ● ● Low power consumption Easier to use Features the QTouch Suite that helps in the development of touch applications Patented Adjacent Key Suppression technology allows for unambiguous detection of key events Higher speed and higher performance Disadvantages ● ● Limited amount of flash memory write cycles Naturally lacks incremental performance compared to higher bit microcontrollers

Where is it used? Most Popular Applications ● ● ● ● Camera systems Security alarms Washing machines Industrial control systems GPS tracking applications RFID identification systems In our Arduinos ○ 16 analog inputs that feed an internal multiplexer whose output drives a 10 -bit successive approximation ADC

References ● ● ● https: //www. win-source. net/blog/parts-library/atmega 2560 -16 au-microcontroller/ https: //openlabpro. com/guide/basics-ofmicrocontroller/#: ~: text=A%20 microcontroller%20 is%20 an%20 electronic, 64%20 bit% 20 to%20128%20 bit. https: //www. engineersgarage. com/article_page/avr-microcontroller-all-you-need-toknow-part-1 -46/ https: //www. circuitstoday. com/basics-of-microcontrollers Course packet https: //cs. stanford. edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/whatis/index. html#: ~: text=RISC%2 C%20 or%20 Reduced%20 Instruction%20 Set, in%20 other%20 types%20 of%20 architectures.