The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 12 Using

Meaning of Words have two kinds of meanings: Denotative Connotative Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙

Denotative Meaning Literal, dictionary meaning of word or phrase Example: school denotatively means a place where instruction is given Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Connotative Meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase Example: School connotatively could mean frustration, personal growth etc. © Ronald Foster Sharif /Demotix/Corbis Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Using Language § Guidelines: § Use language accurately § Use language clearly § Use language vividly § Use language appropriately Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Imagery Creating mental images of objects, actions, ideas © John Coletti/JAI/Corbis Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Abstract Words References to general concepts, qualities, attributes Example: Pencil, carrot, door Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Concrete Words References to tangible objects Example: Science, philosophy © Pierre Andrieu/AFP/Getty Images Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Abstract v. Concrete Physical activity Abstract Sports Basketball Professional basketball Le. Bron James Concrete Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Simile Comparison introduced with “like” or “as” Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of

Simile “Walking into my grandparents home when I was a child was like being wrapped in a giant security blanket” Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Metaphor Comparison not introduced with “like” or “as” Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art

Metaphor “America’s cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society. ” Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Rhythm Pattern of sound created by choice, arrangement of words Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙

Parallelism Similar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, sentences Mc. Graw-Hill

Parallelism “I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a U. S Senator. I speak as an American” (Margaret Chase Smith) Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Repetition § Reiterating same word or set of words § Located at beginning or end of successive clauses, sentences Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Repetition “If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how? ”

Alliteration Repeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words © Andy Rain/epa/Corbis Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Alliteration “Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause. ” Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Antithesis Juxtaposition of ideas, usually in parallel structure Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art

Antithesis “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. ” Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Appropriate Language § Occasion § Audience § Topic § Speaker © Goh Seng Chong/Bloomberg/Getty Images Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Inclusive Language Does not stereotype, demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, etc. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Inclusive Language § Avoid generic “he” § Avoid “man” when referring to men &

Avoid Generic “He” Ineffective: Each time a surgeon walks into the operating room, he risks being sued for malpractice. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Avoid Generic “He” More effective: Each time a surgeon walks into the operating room, he or she risks being sued for malpractice. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Avoid Generic “Man” Ineffective: If a large comet struck the Earth, it could destroy all of mankind. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Avoid Generic “Man” More effective: If a large comet struck the Earth, it could destroy all human life. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Inclusive Language § Avoid stereotyping jobs, social roles by gender § Use names groups use to identify themselves Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Avoid Stereotyping Ineffective: Being a small businessman in the current economic climate is not easy. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Avoid Stereotyping More effective: Being a small businessperson in the current economic climate is not easy. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Use Self-Identifiers Ineffective: The Paralympics show what handicapped people can accomplish in the athletic arena. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

Use Self-Identifiers More effective: The Paralympics show what people with disabilities can accomplish in the athletic arena. Mc. Graw-Hill Education ∙ The Art of Public Speaking, 12 th Edition © 2015 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.