The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 1 SPEAKING

The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 1 SPEAKING IN PUBLIC 常姗姗 上海财经大学

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Power of Public Speaking The Tradition of Public Speaking and Conversation Developing Confidence Public Speaking in a Multicultural World

The Power of Public speaking • What is Public Speaking? • What • Whom • Where • when • Why • how - A way of making your ideas public, of sharing them and of influencing other people

The Art of Public Speaking

The Power of Public speaking • • - Why do I need PS? essential for my career development no substitute for face- to-face communication make a difference in something you care about

Why study public speaking? • Using Public Speaking in Your Career – Employers cite communication skills as the most important quality for a job candidate. – Workers report that communication is important in their jobs.

Why study public speaking? • Using Public Speaking as a Student – Many courses require speeches. – Well prepared and delivered speeches make a better impression on the professor and the class. – Extracurricular groups often have a public speaking component.

Why study public speaking? • Using Public Speaking in Your Community – Membership in community organizations may require speaking. – Community leadership certainly will require speaking.

The Objectives • 1. To improve your ability to write effective English public speeches. This will engage you in the full • • process of speech composition, including the following: A. selecting, narrowing, and focusing topics B. generating researching materials C. adapting the topic and research materials to the specific audience being addressed D. supporting ideas with evidence and reasoning E. organizing the message for effective communication F. preparing and revising drafts of the speech G. expressing yourself accurately, clearly, vividly and appropriately H. using correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling.

The objectives • 2. To improve your ability to deliver English public speeches. This will engage you in activities such as the following: • • • A. understanding the nature of speech anxiety and how to deal with it. B. learning the vocal principles of effective speech delivery C. learning the nonverbal principles of effective speech delivery D. generating speaking notes from a full speech manuscript or outline E. rehearsing the speech prior to final presentation F. using visual aids to reinforce and clarify the verbal message

The objectives • 3. To improve your skills of intercultural communicative competence. This will engage you in activities such as the following: • A. learning how cultural factors affect the response to a speaker’s message • B. showing respect for the cultural values and expectations of international speech audiences • C. recognizing that intercultural communicative competence is based first on respect for one’s own cultural traditions and values

The objectives • 4. To improve your ability to think critically and to apply the skills of critical thinking to the analysis of public discourse. This will engage you in activities such as the following: • A. distinguishing main points from minor points • B. gauging the credibility of sources and the reliability of claims in supporting materials • C. judging the soundness of evidence in public discourse • D. assessing the validity of reasoning in public discourse

The objectives • 5. To improve your ability to listen effectively to public speeches. This will engage you in activities such as the following: • A. distinguishing among the introduction, body, and conclusion of a speech • B. focusing on a speaker’s ideas rather than being diverted by his or her delivery • C. listening for the main points and supporting materials of a speaker’s message • D. developing note taking skills • E. conducting analysis of classroom speeches and of speeches by wellknown public figures.

The objectives • 6. To improve your ability to utilize research skills and strategies. This will engage you in activities such as the following: • A. developing skills of information acquisition, including interviewing, writing for information, conducting internet and library research, creating a bibliography, and taking research notes effectively • B. thinking critically and creatively about materials acquired from print and electronic source

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Power of Public Speaking The Tradition of Public Speaking and Conversation Developing Confidence Public Speaking in a Multicultural World

Public Speaking and Communication When you give a speech, you and your listeners are involved in COMMUNICATION, meaning that you interact in order to build some sort of connection so you can understand each other and recognize common interest. “Talk is cheap” Not anymore, a well organized, thoughtful talk makes many people a very lucrative wage

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Tradition of Public Speaking • • • In Egypt- The oldest book: 4. 500 years ago In classical Greece and Rome: Aristotle : Rhetoric Notable thinkers Communication researchers

Public speaking: A great tradition Intellectual property of Bedford/St. Martins

Public speaking: A great tradition • There is a great tradition of the study of speaking in antiquity. • In 5 th century B. C. Greece, speaking at assembly gave rise to the first formal studies of rhetoric, the craft of public speaking. – Aristotle formalized the analysis of rhetoric. – His work influences the study of public speaking today.

Public speaking: A great tradition • Historically, public speaking was studied across the globe. – From the 5 th through the 3 rd Century B. C. , traveling scholars debated philosophies throughout ancient China. – Traveling storytellers and Islamic scholars spoke throughout Africa in the 15 th Century. – Many Native Americans prized oratory over bravery in battle.

Public speaking: A great tradition

Public speaking: A great tradition • Public address flourished in the 20 th century. – After World War I President Wilson traveled through the U. S. to promote his League of Nations idea. – In 1963, Martin Luther King brought 250, 000 to the capitol with his March on Washington and his “I Have A Dream” speech. – After the attacks of September 11, 2001, millions of people felt it crucial to hear the President speak about the tragedy.

Long Tradition in China • The Intrigues of the Warring States(战国策） records hundreds of discourses from the warring states periods. • Chinese history is replete with conceptualizations and practices of discourse that including public speaking, artistic expression, persuasion, advising and argumentation.

Public speaking and Conversations • Similarities and differences

Conversations and Public Speaking • • - Similarities: Organizing your thoughts logically Tailoring your message to your audience Telling a story for maximum impact Adapting to listeners feedback Differences: PS is more highly structured PS requires more formal language PS requires a different method of delivery

Stage Fright

Greatest Fears • • A party with strangers Giving a speech Asked personal questions in public Meeting a date’s parents First day on a new job Victim of a practical joke Talking with someone in authority Job interview

Develop Confidence How to overcome “ stage fright” - Nervousness is normal - Speaking experience - Preparation - Positive thinking - The power of visualization - Most nervousness is not visible - Perfection: No

Nervousness is normal • It is a common occurrence that some of the greatest speakers in history have suffered from it. • Most people tend to be nervous before doing something really important in public. • It is perfect normal or ever desirable to be nervous. • How to make it work for you instead of against you?

Dealing with nervousness • Transforming it from the negative force into positive nervousness. • Think of having stage excitement or stage enthusiasm. • Think of it as a normal part of giving a successful speech.

Dealing with nervousness Acquire speaking experience You are nervous about things new or unknown Prepare prepare Pick up topics you truly care about and practice • Think positively • Confidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking. • •

• I wish I didn’t have to give this speech. • This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experiences as a speaker.

• I am not a great public speaker. No one’s perfect, but I’m getting better with each speech I give.

• I am always nervous when I give a speech. • Everyone’s nervous. If other people can handle it, I can too.

• No one will be interested in what I have to say. I have a good topic and I’m fully Prepared. Of course they’ll be Interested.

Dealing with nervousness Use the power of visualization Positive thinking Know that most nervousness is not visible Only a small fraction of nervousness you feel inside is visible on the outside. • Don’t expect perfection • •

Tips for dealing with nervousness

Critical Thinking Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

Critical Thinking

Speech Communication Process 1. Speaker: the person who initiates a speech transaction 2. Message: make sure your nonverbal message does not distract from your verbal message 3. Channel: the most direct of all 4. Listener: different frames of reference – must be audience - centered 5. Feedback: Be alert to the reactions and adjust the message accordingly. 6. Interference: hold your listeners’ attention despite the various kinds of interference. 7. Situation: certain occasions require certain kinds of speech

Public Speaking in a Multicultural World

Consolidation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life? How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation? How is public speaking different from everyday conversation? Why is it normal—even desirable—to be nervous at the start of a speech? How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches? What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech? What is ethnocentrism? Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?

Activity • You are going to make a speech to 100 people, the closer you get to the speech, the harder it is to control the butterflies in your stomach. What strategies will you use to control your nerves and make them work for you? • How to overcome your stage fright?