THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Includes all bones of the

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON § Includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones(shoulder and pelvic girdle ) that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. § There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult.

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A. The pectoral (shoulder)girdle consists of two bone 1. Scapula (shoulder blade) flat and triangle in shape with the three border and angles, several large fossa named according location. and most notable features (spine, acromion, caracoid process , glenoid cavity

2 -Clavicle (collarbone) is an S-shaped bone located on the anterior side of the shoulder.

UPPER LIMBES o 1) Humerus (arm): The proximal end is a rounded head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. o Anatomical neck : just distal to the head o Surgical neck: is where the tubular shaft begins. o Distal and o Capitulum- around knob –like process on the lateral distal humorus o Trochlea –medial to the capitulum, is spool-shaped projection on the distal humeruns. o Cronoid fossa: anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during forearm flexion o Olecranon fossa: posterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during for arm extension. o Medial and lateral epicondyles :

2) FOREARM CONSIST TOW LONG BONE q Radius: is the lateral bone of the forearm. The proximal end of the radius has a disc-like head that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The distal end of the radius widens and forms the primary articulation with the proximal carpal bones of the wrist q Ulna: is the medial bone of the forearm , The proximal end of the ulna forms the olecranon process which is the point of the elbow.

HAND 3) o o 4) o o Wrists (Carpals): consist of eight (8) small carpal bones , allow wrist to bend and twist. Four proximal carpal bones. (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum f, pisiform) Four distal carpal bones. (trapezium, trapezoid , capitate, hamate) Hand Metacarpal bons : the five long bones of the hand articulate with Phalanges : 14 total finger bones, Each phalanx has a base , shaft, and head.

The Pelvic Girdle: made up two hip bones (Coxal Bones) Each Coxal bone consist of three fused bones 1) Ilium: largest of three hip bones consist of a superior ala and inferior body which forms the acetabulum (the socket for the head of the femur ), iliac crest , hip pointer , great sciatic notch –allows passage of sciatic nerve. 2) Ischium: inferior and posterior part of the hip bone. 3) Pubis: inferior and anterior part of the hip bone. o The tow coxal bones are joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis o Posteriorly by sacrum forming the sacroiliac joint.

Femur (thigh): is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body. o Proximally, the head articulates with acetabulum of the hip bone. o Neck-distal to head o Distally, the medial and lateral condyles articulates with the condyles Tibia forming the knee joint b) Patella: largest sesamoid bone in the body c) Tibia: also called the shinbone , supports body weight d) Fibula: the smaller, laterally place bone of the leg a)

e) Tarsals: are the seven bones of the ankle, which transmits the weight of the body from the tibia and the fibula to the foot f) Metatarsals : are the five bones of the foot, (base, shaft, head) g) Phalanges: are the 14 bones of the toes. (big toe is the hallux)

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