The Antecedents of Psychoanalysis Roots of Psychoanalysis The
- Slides: 11
The Antecedents of Psychoanalysis
Roots of Psychoanalysis The Unconscious in Philosophy The Unconscious in Psychology Darwin and the Unconscious Approaches to Mental Illness and the Unconscious • Hypnosis and the Unconscious • •
The Unconscious in Philosophy • Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646 -1716) • Arthur Schopenhauer(1788 -1860) • Friedrich Herbart (1776 -1841)
Leibnitz. . . at every moment there is in us an infinity of perceptions, unaccompanied by awareness or reflection. . That is why we are never indifferent, even when we appear to be most so. . The choice that we make arises from these insensible stimuli, which. . . make us find one direction of movement more comfortable than the other. Unconscious (petites) perceptions guide our choices.
Schopenhauer • Wrote The World as Will and Representation. • The will is unconscious • It manifests itself as sexual desire (the strongest, most active of desires) and as “love of life” • Uses the concept of “repression”
Herbart • Notion of “threshold of consciousness” • To emerge into consciousness, an idea cannot be incongruous or irrelevant • Inhibited ideas are unconscious • Ideas struggle for conscious realization
The Unconscious in Psychology • Fechner: the mind as an iceberg, most of it submerged and unconscious • Wundt’s distinction between apprehension and apperception • Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Darwin and the Unconscious • (through Romanes’ books) • Hidden symbolism of behaviors and dreams • Non rational aspects of thought and behavior (leading to the “id”) • Centrality of sexuality, present in children too.
Approaches to Mental Illness • Spiritual (demonology) • Sociological (emprisonment w/ poor and criminal) • Biological • Psychological (moral therapy, hypnosis)
Therapy and the Unconscious: Hypnosis • Anton Mesmer (1734 -1815): magnetism • Jean Martin Charcot (1825 -1893): catharsis under hypnosis • Bernheim (1840 -1919: post-hypnotic amnesia and suggestion • Pierre Janet(1859 -1947) hysteria caused by repression and unconscious forces
The End
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