THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH THE OLD SOUTH SLAVERY 1820

THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH THE OLD SOUTH & SLAVERY 1820 -1860 A 10 Q 7. 10. 30

Essential Question • To what degree was the South developing as a distinctively different region from the rest of the United States during the period 1820 to 1860? • To what degree did slavery shape life in the South during this period? (Consider political, economic, social and intellectual aspects of life in the South)

Characteristics of the Antebellum South 1. Primarily agrarian. 2. Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South. ” 3. “Cotton Is King!” * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). 4. Very slow development of industrialization. 5. Rudimentary financial system. 6. Inadequate transportation system.

Early Emancipation in the North

The Agricultur al Economy of the South, 18 60

Changes in Cotton Production 1860 ▼ 1820 ▲

Value of Cotton Exports As a Percentage of All U. S. Exports

Southern Population

Graniteville Textile Co. Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Richmond, VA

Southern Agriculture

Slaves Picking Cotton on a Mississippi Plantation

Eli Whitney • Invented cotton gin in 1793 • Removed the seed, cotton production now seen as profitable • 50% more efficient than picking by hand • Cotton becomes main cash crop of south • Increased the need for slaves, unintended effect • Black Belt- cotton production moved into Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama

Southern Economy • South became a monopolistic economy, dominated by wealthy plantation owners • Industrial growth lagged behind the North • Southerners resentful the North made huge profits at their expense • South complained of northern middlemen, bankers, and shippers • South resentful being so dependent on northern manufactures and markets • Attention was drawn away from the development of southern cities

Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

“Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings” William Henry Brown, 1842

Slaves Working in a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823

Southern Society (1850) 6, 000 “Slavocracy” [plantation owners] Black Freemen 250, 000 Black Slaves 3, 200, 000 Total US Population 23, 000 [9, 250, 000 in the South = 40%]

Planter Class 1. Held enormous political power * Accomplished this despite small numbers * Especially true in upper south 2. Often viewed as “Aristocrats” * Most did not live life of luxury * Most $ went into purchasing more land 3. Adopted code of “Chivalry” * Concern for defending honor

“Southern Lady” 1. Subordinate to men “Women, like children, have but one right, and that is the right to protection. The right to protection involves the obligation to obey” 2. Minimal Exposure to “public world” • Small Plantations * May spin, weave, assist with farming • Large Plantations * Less involved

“Plain Folk” • Subsistence Farmers • “Yeoman Farmer” • Inferior Education • Lower Literacy Rates • Subordinate to Upper Class

“Plain Folk” • Minority • “Hill people” • Living in or west of Appalachians • Isolated from slave culture • “White Trash” or “Crackers” • Extremely poor whites • Majority – • Live around Plantations • Depend on upper class for economic support

Southern Society in 1860

Weaknesses of Plantation System • Relied on a one crop economy • Repelled large scale European immigration • Stimulated racism among poor whites • Created an aristocratic political elite

US Laws Regarding Slavery 1. U. S. Constitution: * 3/5 s compromise [I. 2] * fugitive slave clause [IV. 2] 2. 1793 Fugitive Slave Act. 3. 1850 stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

Southern Slavery--> An Aberration? J 1780 s: 1 st antislavery society created in Phila. J By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state. J 1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy. J 1820 s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free. J 1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire. J 1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies. J 1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewhere J High cost of keeping slaves from escaping. J GOAL raise the “exit cost. ” u Slave patrols. u Southern Black Codes. u Cut off a toe or a foot.

Slave Auction Notice, 1823

Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

Slave Accoutrements Slave Master Brands Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave shoes Slave tag, SC

Slave-Owning Population (1850)

Slave-Owning Families (1850)

Slave System • Slave pop. 4 million by 1860, 4 x as many in 1800 • Importation ended in 1808 • Slaves were treated as property • They were deprived of their African names, culture and religion • Africanism- survived as an African American subculture in music, religion and folklore • Deprived of their dignity

Treatment of Slaves • Suffered cruel physical and psychological treatment • Were convinced they were inferior and deserved their lot in life • Slaves were provided with limited diet, clothing, housing and medical care • Discipline by whip very common • House servants treated better than field workers • 75% worked as field hands • Illegal to teach slaves to read and write- fear give slaves idea of freedom

Treatment of Slaves • Slave pop. Increased due to breeding • Owners rewarded slave women for having many children • Sexual abuse of female slaves common • White slave owners often fathered sizable mulatto population, most remained slaves • Marriages were not recognized • Sale of slaves did not respect family ties • Sold down the river- meant being sold to owner in deep south

The Culture of Slavery 1. Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals. 2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages. 3. Nuclear family with extended kin links, where possible. 4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Slave Resistance 1. Slowing down the work pace 2. Isolated acts of sabotage. 3. Escape via the Underground Railroad. 4. Organized Revolts (Rarest form) 5. Poisoned food

Runaway Slave Ads

Haitian Revolution 1791 • Blacks outnumber whites • 475, 000 Blacks • 40, 000 Whites • Estimated Deaths • 200, 000 Blacks • 100, 000 Whites • 1804 - Haitian Constitution • Followed by Massacre of remaining Whites • May have sparked increase in US attempted revolts

Slave Rebellions • 1800 - Gabriel Prosser • • Richmond, VA 1000 Slaves Plot revealed before revolt began 35 executed • 1822 - Denmark Vesey • • Free Black living in Charleston Rumored 9000 followers Plot revealed before revolt began Led to further suppression

Slave Rebellions • 1833 – Nat Turner in Virginia • • Slave Preacher Killed 60 white men, women, children 100+ Slaves murdered in response Caused widespread anxiety among plantation owners causing stricter black codes

B. WHITE SOCIETY & CULTURE • Why did many Southerners support the slave system when 75% didn’t own slaves? • Was there a change in attitude re slavery? • How did they justify slavery? • Who did NOT support the slave system? Southern Yeoman farmer’s home Plantation House, St. Mary’s, MD (1830 s)

Southern White Paranoia • Feared more revolts • Infuriated by abolitionists propaganda • Believed institution benefited both races • Biological racial superiority to justify slavery • Gag Resolutions- southern fears of debate of anti-slavery appeals- prevented debate on abolition proposals • Black Codes- banned from holding office, no jury trial, could not carry firearms

Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda

Paths of the Internal Slave Trade