The Ankle and Foot Bones of the Talocrural
The Ankle and Foot
Bones of the Talocrural Joint o o Made up of 4 large bones: tibia, fibula, talus, and calcaneus. Shape and articulation of bones aid the soft tissue in giving the ankle its stability.
Tarsal Bones o o o 7 bones Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd Cuneiforms
Bones of the Forefoot and Toes o o Metatarsals (1 -5) Great Toe to “pinky” toe make up the dorsum of the foot. Phalanges- make up the toes. Great toe= distal phalange and proximal phalange. Toes 2 -5= distal, middle, and proximal phalanges.
Ankle Movements o o Dorsiflexion- bring foot upward. Plantarflexion- bring foot downward. Inversion- move foot inward. Eversion- move foot outward.
Dorsiflexion o o o Tibialis Anterior Extensor Hallucis Longus Extensor Digitorum Longus
Plantarflexion o o Gastrocnemius (originates above the knee) Soleus Plantaris Achilles Tendonattaches calf muscles (gastroc. & soleus) to the calcaneus.
Inversion o Posterior Tibialis Muscle o Flexor Hallucis Longus
Eversion o o Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis
Lateral Ankle Ligaments o o Anterior talofibular l. most commonly injured ankle ligament. Calcaneofibular lig. Posterior talofibular lig. Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Medial Ankle Ligaments o 1. 2. 3. Deltoid Ligament Tibionavicular ligament Tibiotalar ligament Tibiocalcaneal ligament
Ankle Sprain- Grade 1 o o o Mechanism of injury= inversion of the ankle. Mild disability for 1 week. Ligaments are stretched out (physiological limits) but no tearing takes place.
Ankle Sprain- Grade 2 o o Intermediate disability 2 -4 weeks. May need crutches initially for the first 2 -4 days. Slight tearing of ligaments occur.
Ankle Sprain- Grade 3 o o Severe disability. Non-weight bearing for 3 -4 days. Crutches Followed by protected weight bearing in a walking boot or cast for 3 -6 weeks. May require surgery to repair laxity.
Anterior Compartment Syndrome o Could be a medical emergency if blood flow to the area is interrupted. o Acute- direct trauma to the area. Resulting in swelling, pain, and decreased ankle dorsiflexion. o Chronic- hypertrophy of the Anterior Tibialis muscle from excessive use of this muscle.
Shin Splints o o o Localized inflammation of the tibialis posterior or tibialis anterior muscles. Overuse injury occuring most commonly to distance runners. May arise from changes in surfaces.
Tendonitis o o o Commonly occurs in the Achilles tendon and peroneal tendon. An overuse injury which may occur at the beginning of a season when increased loads are placed on the tendon. May occur late in the season due to continued strain placed on the tendon.
Achilles Tendon Rupture o o o Mechanism of injuryforceful plantarflexion of the ankle. Commonly occurs to individuals >30 years old. Complete tears require surgery and 9 -12 months of rehabilitation.
Jones Fracture o o o Mechanism of injury is commonly ankle inversion. Peroneal tendons attach to the base of the 5 th metatarsal and fracture the bone attempting to keep the foot from rolling inward. May be an avulsion fracture. Tendon tears a piece of bone away.
Ankle Dislocation o Tibiotalar dislocations are accompanied by fibular fractures.
Tibia and Fibula Fractures o o o Trauma Complete Fracture Internal Fixation
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