The Ancient Romans The Path of Roman Conquest

The Ancient Romans The Path of Roman Conquest

Objectives • Examine how Roman government changed as Rome increased its boundaries. • Analyze the causes of civil wars.

Vocabulary • Province: Self governing region. • Triumvirate: Group of three rulers who share power.

City-State Rivalry • Rome became more powerful and Carthage began a rivalry (fighting) with _______, a wealthy Phoenician city-state in northern Africa, for control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea.

Phoenician Enemies Rome fought three wars with Carthage called the Punic Wars ________from Punicus, the Roman word for Phoenician.

First Punic War During the First Punic War, (264 B. C. -241 Sicily B. C. ), Rome gained control of ____. province Rome sent a governor to oversee its first ______, or self-governing region.

Second Punic War In the Second Punic War, (218 B. C. -201 B. C. ), the Carthaginian general Hannibal led soldiers and war elephants over the high, snow-covered Alps into the Italian Peninsula. He won many battles, but the Romans would not give up. They defeated Hannibal in 202 B. C. at the Battle of Zama.

• Under Roman Control The Romans forced conquered peoples to taxes slaves pay ____ and many were taken as _____. Some Roman plebeians lost their jobs because the slaves replaced them as free labor. plebeians slaves

Results of the Punic War Conflicts • ________ arose between the Romans who were rich and those who were poor.

Struggle for Power Leaders struggled for power which led to civil wars a series of ________. For three Sulla years a dictator named _______ had control until 79 B. C. Then leadership returned to the consuls.

Beyond the Italian Peninsula Caesar A leader named. Julius __________ was elected consul in 60 BC. He and his army were popular with the Roman citizens. Caesar showed he was a strong Dictator leader, and he was made ___________

Julius Caesar As a dictator, (he ruled for 10 years), he changed the Senate so that it better represented the people. He created new jobs and gave citizenship to more people, including those from the provinces, and issued decrees that helped the poor.

A Conspiracy Some senators worried that Caesar was planning to become a king. They plotted to kill Caesar was killed by a small group of senators on March 15, 44 B. C. , a Ides of March day known as ___________on the Roman calendar. His death led to a time of unrest in Rome.

After Julius Caesar Marcus Antonius, a general in the Roman army, became Rome’s new leader. Then Octavian, a relative of Caesar, challenged his right to rule.

The Triumvirate In 43 B. C. , Octavian, Antony, and another general named Lepidus agreed to form a Triumvirate , or group of three rulers who share power. These three leaders struggled with on another for power, and civil wars broke out.

Antony and Cleopatra When Caesar had conquered Egypt, he allowed Cleopatra to stay in power. Antony met with Egypt’s queen and formed an alliance against Octavian. In 31 B. C. , Octavian’s forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a famous sea battle near Actium Cleopatra in Greece. Both Antony and ________ died within a few days of their defeat. Octavian became the ruler of all Roman lands.

The First Emperor In 27 B. C. , the Roman Senate gave Augustus Octavian the title _______, which means “respected one” or “holy one”.

The End of the Republic Augustus was Rome’s first emperor, but he never used this title. Instead, he adopted the title princeps, meaning “first citizen”. The Roman Republic ended when Augustus’s rule began.