The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East

The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

FERTILE CRECENT TODAY

Mesopotamia /Tigris/Euphrates /Flood Irregularly /Solution? /Irrigation

FERTILE CRECENT /SUMER - cities from 5300 B. C. E. /city-states /Competition for resources

/Ziggurats- Sumer pyramid shaped structure

Sumerians City-state a political unit with its own government

Sumerian Religion Polytheistic Enki – Eridu, Water/Mischief/Flood Story? Innana – Uruk, Fertility/Love/War

Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform Writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

Writing… /Prehistoric to historic

Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

Board Game From Ur

The Babylonian Empires

Hammurabi’s [r. 1792 -1750 B. C. E. ] Code

/If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out /If he breaks another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken /If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out

/If any one steal the minor son of another, he shall be put to death. / If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.

Hammurabi, the Judge

Babylonian Math

Babylonian Numbers

/Cuneiform /Math /Based Sumerian Culture & Accomplishments on 60 /Technology /Wheel, plow, bronze, sewers /Arches, ramps, columns /Trade /Lack raw materials like wood and metal

A View of Egypt by Satellite

NILE VALLEY THEN TODAY

Ancient Egyptian History Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins Archaic Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom 3900 B. C. E. 3100 – 2650 B. C. E. 2650 – 2134 B. C. E. 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period Greek Ptolemaic Era Roman Period 750 – 332 B. C. E. 332 – 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Geography /Nile River /Floods Each Spring /Leaves Silt /Irrigated /Cataracts Crops /Waterfalls/Rapids /Protected Egypt from the South

History /Around 3100 BC – Menes Unifies Upper and Lower Egypt

Egypt History /3 Main Periods: /Old Kingdom /Middle Kingdom /New Kingdom

Old Kingdom /Accomplishments: /Pyramids of Giza /Hieroglyphics /Papyrus Paper /Math System /Religion - Polytheistic /Fall of Kingdom: Local Warlords undermine the Pharaoh

Pyramids /Landmarks this period: /1 st of Pyramids /limestone blocks /Each block= 2 ½ tons

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara st 1 large stone building

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu What kinds of skills did the Egyptians need to create the pyramids?

Preparations for the Underworld ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. Priests protected your KA, or soulspirit

Materials Used in Mummification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Linen Sawdust Lichen Beeswax Resin 6. Natron 7. Onion 8. Nile Mud 9. Linen Pads 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291 -1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210 -1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279 -1212 B. C. E.

Journey to the Underworld Why is there a boat in the Pharaoh’s tomb?

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Papyrus Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 1 10 1000 10, 000 100, 000 1, 000 What number is this?

Middle Kingdom /Accomplishments: /Increased Trade with Mesopotamia /Developed Bronze /Battled Hyksos /Fall of Kingdom: Fell to Hyksos

New Kingdom /Age of the Builders /Ramses II /Battled Hittites /Married a Hittite Princess – Brought Peace /Fall of Kingdom: Sea Peoples Attacked/Conquered

INDUS VALLEY

INDUS VALLEY

INDUS VALLEY TODAY

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS /2500 - 2000 B. C. E. /“HARAPPAN /HARAPPA /MOHENJO /2000 CIVILIZATION” DARO – 1500 B. C. E. /VEDIC PERIOD /SETTLED IN SMALLER VILLAGES

CITIES MOHENJODARO HARAPPA Well-planned intricate “urban centers”

HARAPPAN CULTURE Writing? ? figurines jewelry = TRADE

VEDIC PERIOD /VEDAS /ARYANS /RAJAS /CASTE MOVE INTO AREA – WARRIOR LEADERS SYSTEM /VARNAS

VARNAS BRAHMIN – PRIESTS AND TEACHERS KSHATRIYAS – WARRIORS AND RULERS VAISYAS – COMMON PEOPLE (TRADERS, FARMERS, ETC) SUDRAS – SERVANTS

Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze River Valley

China Today

Ancient China /Loess /Agriculture – 7000 BC /First Emperor? – Fu Xi /2800

Chinese Dynasties 1. Xia (ca. 2200 -1750 B. C. E. )? ? 2. Shang (ca. 1750 -1100 B. C. E. ) 3. Zhou dynasty (1122 -256 B. C. E. ): classical Chinese civilization

SHANG DYNASTY /Oracle Bones /Ancestors/Afterlife /Bronze /Monarchy /Surrounded by court

Ancient Chinese Culture Bronze tools/weapons Pottery Writing System

/Mandate /Gods ZHOU DYNASTY of Heaven support just ruler, overthrow unjust /Dynastic Cycle /Iron, Roads, Canals, Chopsticks!

Ancient Philosophies Confucianism Daoism /Treat /Retreat one another humanely /Love and respect others by practicing manners/rituals /Honor Ancestors /Rulers/advisors based on Merit, not family /Confucius from society and yield to laws of nature /Yin/yang – perfect harmony of nature /Laozi