The AnatomyPhysiology of the Gonad Pineal and Thymus

The Anatomy/Physiology of the Gonad, Pineal, and Thymus Glands By Hayley Stevenson, Alondra Beltran, Giovanni Villegas, Analisa Guzman

Gonads: Basic Anatomy/Location ❖ Basic Anatomy ➢ The gonads are considered the primary organs of the reproductive system ➢ These glands produce eggs in females and sperm cells in males ❖ Location ➢ A pair of gonads are found in both female and male reproductive systems ➢ Female gonads are found in the ovaries

Gonads: General Function and Secretions ❖ General function of gonads and their secretions ➢ Female gonads secrete estrogen and progesterone ■ Estrogen introduces secondary sex characteristics at puberty ➢ Maintains and matures the reproductive organs ➢ Progesterone promotes menstrual cycle changes ➢ Male gonads produce testosterone ➢ Introduces secondary sexual characteristics at puberty

Gonads: Disease/Abnormalities ❖ Ovarian Diseases and abnormalities ❖ Osteoporosis: Menopause and mood swings ❖ Ovarian Cancer: - Symptoms become noticeable in later stages ➢ Very rare ❖ Ovarian Cysts: ➢ Fluid filled sacs ➢ Can range from the size of a pea to a grapefruit.

Polycystic ovary Ovary with Cyst

Gonads: Disease/ abnormalities ❖ Testes diseases and abnormalities ❖Testicular trauma: -prone to injury ❖Testicular cancer: -abnormal growth of cells in testicles grow in an uncontrollable rate ❖ Hypogonadism: Gonads do not produce enough testosterone ❖ Epididymitis ➢inflammation of the epididymis

Pineal Gland: Basic Anatomy/Location ❖ Basic anatomy ➢ 5 -9 mm long; weighs. 1 grams ➢ This gland is composed of neuroglial cells, neurons, and pinealocytes ■ pinealocytes are a type of endocrine cell ❖ Location ➢ located on the back portion of the third cerebral ventricle of the brain

Pineal Gland: General Function and Secretions ❖ Functions of the pineal gland its secretion ➢ secretes melatonin ■ regulates female reproduction and sexual maturation ■ controls the body’s internal clock ➢ Not all of the functions of the pineal gland have been discovered yet

The Pineal Glands: Disease/Abnormalities ❖ Pineal Disorders ➢ Pineal gland tumors. ➢ seasonal affective disorder -Lack or absence of light during winter ➢ Caused by abnormal excretion of Melatonin ■ person is exposed little light during day or too much light during night ■ Jet lag

Thymus Gland: Basic Anatomy ❖ Basic Anatomy ➢ Tissues ■ adipose, epithelial/glandular tissue ➢ The thymus is active until puberty, and begins to shrink, and becomes inactive, then turns to fat ➢ two thymic lobes ■ right/left ➢ composed of septae (divides a cavity/structure into smaller ones)

Thymus Gland: Location ❖ Location ➢ The Thymus gland is located behind your sternum and between your lungs

Thymus Gland: General Function and Secretions ❖ The thymus produces thymosin ➢ Thymosin stimulates the development of T-cells ➢ During your childhood, white blood cells called lymphocytes pass through the thymus gland are turned into T cells ❖ Lymphocytes aid the immune system in fighting disease ❖ The thymus produces all of the lymphocytes before puberty is finished

Thymus disease and abnormalities ❖ Thymic Carcinoma ➢ Most aggressive cancer that can develop in this region ➢ Difficult to treat ➢ Typically accompanies an autoimmune disease ❖ Severe Combined immunodeficiency ➢ Develops when a person carries a mutation from birth ➢ Compromises T-Cell regulation and immune system

Works Cited ❖ "SEER: Training Gonads. " National Cancer Institute. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. ➢ <http: //training. seer. cancer. gov/anatomy/endocrine/glands/gonads. html>. ❖ Sargis, Robert M. "An Overview of the Thymus. " Endocrineweb. 10 July 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. ➢ <http: //www. endocrineweb. com/endocrinology/overview-thymus> ❖ Herndon, Jamie. "Thymus Cancer. " Healthline. 16 Feb. 2016. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. ➢ <http: //www. healthline. com/health/thymus-cancer#Overview 1> ❖ Sargid, Robert M. "An Overview of the Ovaries. " Endocrine Web. 21 Feb. 2016. ➢ <http: //www. endocrineweb. com/endocrinology/overview-ovaries>. ❖ Singha, Rajib. "Pineal Gland Disorders. " Buzzle. 2 Sept. 2011. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.

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