The Americas Pre Columbian Empires to Colonies This

The Americas: Pre. Columbian Empires to Colonies This Power Point presentation goes with the Mastering the TEKS in World History book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran. Unit 4 – Chapter 12

Essential Questions What were the major social, economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations? What were the major achievements of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?

Background: Early Americans Nomadic Asians followed herd animals into the Americas. American Peoples experienced their own Neolithic Revolution. Pre-Columbian (before Columbus) Civilizations Grew maize (corn) Did not live in river valleys Developed complex societies UCLA. edu How did the Ice Age effect the population of the Americas? What if it had not occurred?

The Maya (1500 BC to AD 1546) Present day Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula Each city had a chief who was half man and half god Social Structure Hereditary nobility (performed sacred ceremonies and assisted ruler) Craftsmen (made goods for nobility) Farmers (most people) Warlike people who practiced human sacrifice Based on the information above, what type of religion did the Mayans have? Harvard. edu

Built magnificent cities with palaces, temples, and pyramids Developed a system of hieroglyphics or picture words Mayan Achievements Complex system of math with use of zero, 365 day calendar Created colorful murals and created a popular ball game

The Aztecs (1200 -1521) Present day Mexico Grew crops in “floating gardens” (chinampas) in wet, marshy lands Complex Social Structure: Emperor who was all powerful Nobility served in government, army officers, and priesthood Commoners who worked as farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and warriors Slaves Religion: Polytheistic Warlike group that conquered all surrounding tribes Wku. edu

Built complex temples that were aligned based on the movements of the sun and moon Created accurate calendars based on the sun Aztec Achievements Calendar SFA. edu UNM. edu Built a large empire with a complex government structure and large cities wikimedia Sacrificed humans to their main god, the Sun god. Sacrifice was need to keep the universe in motion

The Inca Empire (1200 -1535) Present day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile Terrace farmed and grew potatoes and other root crops Raised llamas and alpacas for food, wool, and transportation Uncp. edu

Machu Picchu Built thousands of miles of roads to connect the empire Excellent engineers that buildings out of fitted stones Incan Achievements Used a system of knotted and colored ropes (quipu) for communication instead of writing Built a large empire that covers present day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile Inca Quipu Larco Museum Collection

Pre Columbian Art La balsa Muisca (The Muisca raft), a pre. Columbian gold sculpture representing the Muisca´s offerings of gold. Aztec jade mask depicting the god Xipe Totec Carved Mayan flint dagger. Describe Pre - Columbian art based on these works of art. Inca Jar Mayan jade mask The Aztec goddess Coatlicue, mother of earth.

Women’s Roles in Mesoamerica Women: Harvested grains Prepared food (made maize into flour) Cared for livestock Cared for children and home Some sold goods in markets Some were artisans Some worked as priestesses Does this suggest a strictly patriarchal society? Explain.

Americas Scavenger Hunt Objective: Students will use images to determine the impact of the civilizations of the Americas. Directions: Students will work in groups of four to six (a total of 6 -8 groups) to correctly match images and clues related to the Americas. Procedures: Groups will elect one representative to go to the front of the room. The teacher will hand each representative one clue to the various pictures posted around the room. Each representative will receive a different clue, so groups will start at different images around the room. (color coded clues work best to keep groups separate) Students will remain at the front of the room with their clue until the teacher says “go”. Once the teacher says “go”, the group reps can meet with their group members and find the image that corresponds with their clue. Once they have matched the clue with the picture, they bring the clue back to the teacher. If they have matched the clue correctly with the picture, they can move on to the next clue. If they have matched the clue incorrectly, they must go back to their source and rethink their answer. The steps are repeated until all clues have been matched correctly by each group. Once the class has finished the scavenger hunt, students will use the clues to answer the big picture questions about the civilizations of the Americas. Groups must be prepared to explain their answers to the class.

The Columbian Exchange Jarett Publishing

Why the Interest in Exploration? Asia Marco Polo’s writings Caravel: TAMU. edu sparked European interest in Asian goods, especially spices and silk, were sought after in Europe The Silk Road was cut off by the Ottoman Turks Renaissance A new spirit of inquiry arose What impact did the Ottoman Europeans wanted to explore Empire have on European the oceans Exploration? New technology allowed for better navigation, especially the compass and triangular lateen sail

The Age of Discovery Both Spain and Portugal wanted to establish trade with Asia and financed overseas exploration Spain’s Rulers, Ferdinand Isabella Captured the Muslim areas of Spain Expelled Spain’s Jewish Community Reunited all of Spain under Christian Rule Sough to spread Christianity across the world Portugal Prince Henry developed a lighter sailing ship He sponsored expeditions along the coast of Africa Ferdinand Isabella wedding portrait, unknown artist Why would European monarchs spend so much money on exploration?

Christopher Columbus (1451 -1506) Sea Captain from Genoa, Italy Sailed west in 3 ships in hopes of finding a quicker route to Asia Sponsored by the King and Queen of Spain Found instead the Americas This new land brought riches and raw materials to Europe Why would Columbus risk his life to find a new trade route?

Columbus’ Four Voyages August 3, 1492 - sailed out of Palos de la Frontera land was sighted on October 12, 1492 Columbus called the island he “found”, San Salvador thinking he had reached the East Indies, he called the people Indians returned to Spain a hero convinced he had reached East Asia made three more trips arrested for governing tyrannically died penniless

The Columbian Exchange Goods from America to Europe: Goods from Europe to Tomatoes Corn Potatoes Peppers Squash Pineapples Chocolate Tobacco Turkey America: Wheat Sugar Cattle Horses Pigs Sheep Chickens Grains

Wikipedia. com What other items might have been exchanged besides food animals?

How is this map different from the previous one?

Impact of the Columbian Exchange Impact on the Americas: New livestock, including cattle, sheep, and pigs, as well as crops from Africa resulted in a change in diet. Re-introduction of horses led to changes in transportation. New diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans; slaves from Africa transformed labor systems.

Impact of the Columbian Exchange Impact on Europe: New foods and plants resulted in a population increase. The Americas became a valuable source of cotton and sugar, resulting and colonization and plantation systems where primarily forced labor was used, leading to the development of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. The impact of the Columbian Exchange pushed beyond Europe into Asia where populations increased due to more nutrientrich foods.

Later Explorers Vasco de Gama -1524) (1460 Portuguese Discovered an all-water route to India Sailed around the tip of Africa in 1497 and into the Indian Ocean (1 st European) Ferdinand Magellan -1521) What dangers might these men (1480 have faced in these voyages? Portuguese Crew 1 st to sail around the world (1519)

Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487– 1609

Other Explorers England John Cabot: claimed parts of North America France Jacques Cartier: explored the St. Lawrence River Samuel Chaplain: explored the Great Lakes area Robert de la Salle: explored the Mississippi River Dutch Henry Hudson: explored Hudson Bay and Hudson River looking for a “Northwest Passage” to Asia

The Conquest of the Americas wikipedia

The Conquest of Mexico 1519: Hernando Cortez sailed from Cuba to Mexico. The Aztecs first thought the Spanish were gods 1521 Cortez attacked the Aztecs with the help of other Native Americans. The Aztecs were defeated mainly because a smallpox epidemic had broke out and killed many of them. Based on what you know about the Aztecs, why would other tribes help Cortez? The Aztecs surrender to Cortex, The British Library The caption means “Now the Mexica (Aztecs) were finished. ”

The Conquest of Peru 1530 Francisco Pizarro left Panama to conquer the Incas. The Incas just had a civil war. The Spanish pretended to be friendly and ambushed and killed the emperor. Spain won because of their superior technology. In 1533 Pizarro captured the Inca capital. What advantages in The Spanish forced the Inca to Conquistador fighting the Incas become Christian and were usedtechnology did the Spanish as a labor force. have over the American natives?

Colonial Latin America= blend of European and Native American culture Government: Viceroys (governor) ruled each Spanish province. Spanish born citizens filled most positions in the government and military. Gold and silver from the Americas was shipped back to Spain. This made Spain the strongest European power. What problems in governing ushistory. com such a large territory might the Spanish have faced?

Colonial Society Peninsulares: (Spanish Nobles) owned the land – encomienda system of forced labor Native Americans: worked the land Jesuit priests: tried to convert the Indians to Christianity and keep them from becoming slaves

Colonial Society After a while this social order developed into a complex social order: Noble officials and landowners born in Spain (Peninsulares): head of colonial society Spanish people born in the New World (creoles) Mixed Spanish and Native American people (mestizos) Native Americans (did most of the hard work) until the arrival of African slaves

The Colonial Class System What observations do you have about this social structure? Mestizos Native Indians Peninsulares Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves

The English Colonies 1607: English established Jamestown in Virginia 1620: Pilgrims established the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts 1630: More Puritans arrive to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony near Plymouth Eventually 13 colonies arose along the Atlantic coast

Land Claims in the Americas, c. 1700

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Disease killed many Native Americans A new labor force was needed in the New World In Africa conquering tribes sold their captives to the Europeans Based on the map, which European power acquired the most African slaves?

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Triangular Trade 15 million Africans were enslaved 11 million went to Spanish colonies Many died coming across the Atlantic in what has become known as the “Middle Passage. ”

Interior of a Slave Ship

Disrupted African Culture: destroyed Africa’s culture and heritage and led to violence, bitterness, and social upheaval Encouraged African Warfare: captured slaves were traded for guns, rum, and other manufactured goods Legacy of the Trans -Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa Increased Cultural Diffusion: ideas, good, and cultures were exchanged in Africa and the Americas How has African culture effected American society and culture?