THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter 18 Becoming a World Power The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Becoming a World Power • • Steps Toward Empire Expansionism in the 1890 s War in Cuba and the Philippines Theodore Roosevelt’s Energetic Diplomacy • Conclusion: The Responsibilities of Power The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Steps Toward Empire The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Steps Toward Empire • Monroe Doctrine still followed • Idea of America’s special role § Including the duty of proselytizing, crusading • Early Expansionism § Louisiana Purchase § Indian Removal • “Manifest Destiny” The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Uncle Sam’s Imperial Stretch The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Expansionism • Commodore Perry, Japan, 1853 • Secretary of State William Seward § Purchase of Alaska from Russia, 1867 § Pushed for annexation of Cuba • President Grant hopes to annex Santo Domingo § Strategic importance § But opposed by those for self-determination The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Expansionism (cont'd) • Growing economic influence § Hawaii, sugar growers stage a coup § Grover Cleveland stops their action The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Global Context • Influence in China divided by foreign powers • Africa § Only two independent nations by 1900 § Powers can only gain territory through warfare • United States seeks hegemony in Latin America § But no mechanisms, no consistent policy The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Expansionism in the 1890 s The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Search for Markets • Turner thesis resonates with Americans • Businessmen shape foreign policy • Huge growth in manufacturing § Most going to Europe • Overseas investment grows The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

United States Territorial Expansion to 1900 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rationale • Patriotism – trade and national well-being tied § Glory § Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge § Alfred Thayer Mahan – Darwinian approach • Piety § Overseas missions § 5, 000 American missionaries in China in 1914 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rationale (cont'd) • Manipulating public opinion § Weakened confidence played on § Stir up feelings in support of Cubans, Filipinos The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

War in Cuba and the Philippines The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Road to War • Cuba long coveted by U. S. § Spain seen as oppressive § Many genuinely concerned § But Cuba also convenient • 1898, Maine sent to Havana § Roosevelt prepares for war § Congress authorizes use of troops § Teller Amendment disavows territorial goals The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

War in Cuba and the Philippines: Spanish-American War • Easy naval victories for the U. S. § Guam and Puerto Rico easily taken § Roosevelt makes his reputation The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Waging War in the Philippines The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Waging War in the Philippines, cont The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Action in the Philippines • Admiral Dewey to Manila after sinking of Maine • President Mc. Kinley pushes for annexation § Treaty of Paris § Ratification hotly debated • Anti-Imperialist League • Some against the annexation on racist grounds The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Action in the Philippines (cont'd) • Filipino-American War follows § Huge expense § Hypocrisy becomes apparent The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Expansionism Triumphant • New territories had some independence § Governor of Philippines, Taft, pushes selfgovernment • Some rights • Dissent ignored • Roosevelt becomes governor of New York The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republican Campaign Poster The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“The Spanish Brute” The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Liberty Halts American Butchery The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Theodore Roosevelt’s Energetic Diplomacy The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Theodore Roosevelt’s Diplomacy • Activist presidency, especially in foreign affairs • Idea of Darwinian struggle among nations • Nations either civilized or uncivilized § White man’s burden § Strong country’s bound to preserve world order The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

TR as Caribbean Policeman The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Panama Canal • Use of Monroe Doctrine § Even before completion of canal • Panama achieves independence, 1903 § U. S. recognizes the new nation § But unilaterally claims Canal Zone § Panama protests The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Policing the Caribbean • Monroe Doctrine seen as “open door” for U. S. • Cuba remains independent • Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 § Justification for American intervention § Applied in the Caribbean § American property protected with U. S. troops The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

United States Involvement in Central America and the Caribbean, 1898– 1939 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Open and Closed Doors • U. S. pushes for open door in China § Latecomer, and other powers established § Chinese seen as needing American help • Secretary of State Hay’s Open Door Notes § Demand for open door in China § Demand that China’s sovereignty be respected The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Open and Closed Doors (cont'd) • Boxer Rebellion § Anti-foreign, anti-Manchu movement • Exclusionist immigration policy against Chinese The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

United States Involvement in the Pacific and Eastern Asia, 1898– 1909 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Balancing Japan • Japanese immigration increases around 1900 § Some from Hawaii • Some directly from Japan • Many very successful, especially as farmers • Nativist whites § “Yellow Peril” The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Balancing Japan (cont'd) • Japanese expansionism worries Americans • Treaty of Portsmouth ends Russo. Japanese War • Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908 § Japan leaves U. S. in control of Philippines § U. S. recognizes Japan’s Asian territories The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preventing War in Europe • Roosevelt wary of power struggle in Europe • Two policies: § Friendship with Great Britain fundamental § Prevent war among powerful nations • Support for British imperialism § Britain seen as civilized § In order to check German power The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: The Responsibilities of Power The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: The Responsibilities of Power • Theodore Roosevelt § Foreign policy more aggressive • U. S. as a global power § Influence in Central America, Caribbean § Open Door in Asia § Yet neutral regarding Europe • Developing conflict over global commitments The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.