THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A
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THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter 6 A People in Revolution The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A People in Revolution • • • The War for American Independence The Experience of War Peacetime Opportunities and Challenges Toward a New National Government Conclusion: Completing the Revolution The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The War for American Independence The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
First Moves • 1776, British hold Boston § Move headquarters to New York City § Remain there until end of war • George III attempts reconciliation § Declaration of Independence to be revoked § No possibility for reconciliation The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The War for Independence 1776 -1778 • War in the North § § War moves across Pennsylvania, New Jersey Americans take Montréal American victory at Saratoga French join the American side • Continental Congress § Lacked power to prosecute the war § Washington given extraordinary powers The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Military Operations in the North, 1776– 1780 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The War for Independence: 1778 to 1782 • Britain targets southern states § Georgia removed from war § Loyalist following never really materializes • Nathanael Greene sent south § Uses guerilla tactics • Cornwallis moves through Virginia § Reaches Yorktown, August, 1781 § French fleet cuts British off § Cornwallis surrenders, October, 1781 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Military Operations in the South, 1778– 1781 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Indians in the Revolution • Iroquois Six Nations hold northern interior • Southern interior § Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek, Cherokee • Cherokee launch raids in 1776 § Their defeat sends a signal to other tribes The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Indians in the Revolution (cont'd) • Joseph Brant brings in Iroquois § Involvement devastating for both sides • Oneida and Tuscarora join Americans The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Joseph Brant The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peace • Negotiations begin September, 1781 § Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay • League of Armed Neutrality § Formed against Britain § Extension of Revolutionary War • Treaty of Paris, 1783 § American independence § Western border at Mississippi § Restoration of loyalists property The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Explaining American Victory • Assistance from France and the Netherlands • Washington’s leadership • Britain unable to use its advantages § Poor information § Inflexible The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Experience of War The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recruiting an Army • Perhaps 250, 000 Americans fight § As war continues, enthusiasm flags § Those fighting increasingly poorer, convicts • Supplies poorly manages • Letter from a Revolutionary War Soldier (1776) The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Military Muster Rolls The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Military Muster Rolls The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact of the War • Civilian life § Inflation, currency problems § Urban areas disrupted by occupations The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
New York City Burning The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Loyalists • Many evacuate with British after the war • Revenge against some • Rationale § Some loyal because of duty to government § Some feared democratic society The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
African Americans in the South • Southern slaves seen as pawns § To be used by British as a resource § Feared as weakness by southern whites • Lord Dunmore promises freedom § In exchange for fighting for British § Many join British to gain freedom § Many leave after war The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Resettlement of Black Loyalists After the Revolution The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
African Americans (cont’d) • Northern slaves petition state legislatures • Slave Petition to the Governor of Massachusetts (1774) • Slave Petition to the General Assembly in Connecticut The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peacetime Opportunities and Challenges The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transition to Peace: Major Issues • Dissenters press for religious freedom § Extended to some groups § Virginia establishes separation of church and state § Catholics, Muslims still politically disenfranchised The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transition to Peace: Major Issues (cont'd) • Slavery § Most states halt influx of slaves by 1790 § Challenged in New England, Chesapeake § Pennsylvania frees children of slaves in 1780 • The West § Land grant ordinances, 1785, 1787 § Northwest Ordinance, 1789 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transition to Peace: Economic Problems • Britain § Controls Canada, occupies western forts § British ports closed to American commerce • France, Spain § Restrictions on American commerce • American exports fall, repayment of debt difficult § Robert Morris restructures finances The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Exports and Imports, 1768– 1783 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transition to Peace: Economic Problems (cont’d) • Surge of conservatism § Pennsylvania’s new Constitution conservative • Massachusetts § § Unsound credit British call in loans Farmers petition government, with no effect Daniel Shays leads rebellion, 1787 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Toward a New National Government The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A New National Government: Federalism • Federalists – support strong national government § Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Jay § Shays’s uprising a signal for stronger government § Government needs power to tax • Anti-Federalists – support states’ rights The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A New National Government: Constitutional Convention • Only briefed to revise Articles of Confederation • James Madison § Central figure § Introduces Virginia Plan § Largely responsible for Constitution The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
James Madison, Father of the Constitution The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A New National Government: Drafting the Constitution • Virginia Plan § Proportional representation § Favors large states • New Jersey Plan § Gives Congress right to tax § Equal representation The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A New National Government: Drafting the Constitution (cont’d) • Great Compromise § Representation differs in Senate and House § Direct taxes based on population • Electoral College The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A New National Government: Drafting the Constitution (cont’d) • Slavery § Opposed by many § Question of slave trade tabled for twenty years § Fugitive Slave Clause • Convention adjourns, September, 1787 § Three abstain from approval § Sent to Congress for ratification The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A New National Government: Federalist Debates • Federalist versus Anti-Federalists § Federalist Papers published • Nine states needed § Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey first § New York and Virginia slow to ratify § Rhode Island the last: May, 1790 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A New National Government: Struggle over Ratification • Geographic factors § Federalists along coasts, rivers The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Federalist and Anti-Federalist Areas, 1787– 1788 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conclusion: Completing the Revolution The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conclusion: Completing the Revolution • Period from 1776 to 1788 § First period of nation building § Unexplored realm of creating a nation • Consequences of wars of independence § Destruction, disruption § Relations with Native Americans impacted • Many new questions about governance The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Timeline The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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