THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter 13 The Union Severed The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Union Severed • • • Organizing for War Clashing on the Battlefield, 1861 to 1862 The Tide Turns, 1863 to 1865 Changes Wrought by War Conclusion: An Uncertain Future The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organizing for War The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Enlistment • Reasons varied § Relief after long indecision § Employment § Loyalty • Not all sympathize with “their” side The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Balance of Resources • North § Greater white population § But same number of troops as South § Economic advantage • South § Dependent on imports § But had exports that might secure foreign goods The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Border States • Delaware only remained in the Union • Maryland § Crucial because of Washington, D. C. § Lincoln violates civil liberties • Kentucky and Maryland remain in Union The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Secession of the Southern States The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organizing for War: Challenges of War • Confederation § Challenge of nation-building § Strong feeling of loyalty • Lincoln § Active presidency § Expanded role of executive • Davis § Had to restructure The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Clashing on the Battlefield 1861 to 1862 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

War in the East • Anaconda Plan § First Union plan § Blockades, victory through attrition § Lincoln wants a quicker war • First Bull Run, 1861 § Confederate victory, though not decisive • War in the East reaches stalemate The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eastern Theater of the Civil War, 1861– 1862 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

War in the West • Western theater § Between Mississippi and Appalachians § Control of Mississippi vital § Native Americans join both sides • Shiloh • Widespread warfare § Including New Mexico, California The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Trans-Mississippi Campaign of the Civil War The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Naval Warfare • Union blockade § Not very successful § South attempts to use ironclads • Confederate raids on northern commerce § More successful The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cotton Diplomacy • European support decisive § Confederates dependent on need for cotton § But 1860 -1861 saw a glut of cotton • But European powers slow to give support § North works to prevent support to Confederacy § Stay out of war The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Problems and Solutions • Finance § Taxation § Borrowing § Printing money, leading to inflation • Armies lack volunteers § Both sides use the draft § Draft riots in New York, targeting blacks The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recruiting the Troops The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Dissension, 1862 • South had no means of rallying support • Copperheads § Peace Democrats § Criticize the war • Lincoln criticized both for inaction and action The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Tide Turns 1863 to 1865 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emancipation Proclamation • Hard course to steer regarding emancipation § Hoped to placate border states • September, 1862, Emancipation Proclamation § Used victory at Antietam § Changed tenor of war, new commitment The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A French View of Emancipation The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unanticipated Consequences • Union employs blacks as soldiers § 10% of Union Army § Most fugitives from slavery • But blacks receive unequal treatment • Some changes in white attitudes The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changing Strategies • Lee takes the offensive, summer of 1863 § Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 § Confederate defeat • Grant put in charge of Union armies • Grant plans a more decisive campaign The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Progress of War, 1861– 1865 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changes Wrought by War The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Matthew Brady The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Matthew Brady, cont The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A New South • States’ rights give way to centralization § Contrasting with ideology that led to war § Conscription Act of 1862 § Emancipation contemplated • Expansion of defense industries • Pressure on traditional class structure The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Impact of the War in the South The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Victorious North • Lincoln violates writ of habeas corpus • Changes to banking system • Farm increasingly mechanized § Mc. Cormick reapers popular • Manufacturing stimulated The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

On the Home Front, 1861 -1865 • Support § Religious groups • Greater political involvement • Some grow rich: Rockefeller, Carnegie • South experienced more dislocation § Refugees § Food shortages The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

On the Home Front, 1861 -1865 (cont'd) • Women § Many changes in roles § Nursing and other volunteer work § Sanitary Commission largely run by women The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Election of 1864 • Democrats nominate General Mc. Clellan § Call the war a failure § Claim the war’s goal had been derailed • Republicans nominate Lincoln • Capture of Atlanta brings support for Lincoln § Wins election The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why the North Won • Final months, following election § April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders • Grant’s strategy depended on greater manpower § Also more economic resources • South had more trouble supplying troops § Transportation system inadequate § Also lack of support from some states § Inflexible attitudes The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Costs of War • Painful legacy § High death rate from disease more than fighting § Many return home injured § Experiences in prison camps • Many find it hard to return to civilian life The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unanswered Questions • Slaves freed § But what rights would be extended to them? • Destroyed infrastructure • End to question of nullification • Lincoln calls forgiveness § Assassinated, April 14, 1865 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: An Uncertain Future The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: An Uncertain Future • The Civil War ends § Mourning for Lincoln § Many mourn the loss of life • Drastic changes follow § Changes not apparent in 1865 to most • Important conflicts unresolved The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.