THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter 16 The Rise of Smokestack America The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Rise of Smokestack America • • • The Texture of Industrial Progress Industrial Work and the Laboring Class Capital Versus Labor Strive and Succeed The Politics of the Gilded Age Conclusion: The Complexity of Industrial Capitalism The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gap Between Rich and Poor The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Texture of Industrial Progress The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Technological Innovations • Bessemer process: iron to steel § Exploited by Andrew Carnegie § Price of steel drops • New power sources • Electricity The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Homestead Steel Works The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Railroads • Supported by state and federal governments § First transcontinental line, 1869 • Innovation in management § Division of responsibilities § Flow of information The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Railroads (cont'd) • High costs, indebtedness, competition § Worker’s wages cut to increase competitiveness § Low rates, secret rebates The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other Industries • Vertical integration, such as Carnegie steel • “Backward” and “forward” integration § Including earlier and later stages • Horizontal integration, such as Rockefeller § Standard Oil refines 84% of oil The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Texture of Industrial Progress: Other Industries (cont'd) • Incorporation brings advantage § Raising capital easier § Identity makes a corporation durable § Limited liability decreases risk The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

American Industry and the World • Second phase of Industrial Revolution § § Changes in organization Mass production German and American industry dominate Increasing global connections • Worldwide depressions § 1873 -1879 and 1893 -1897 § Competition > Overproduction > Falling prices The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

American Industry and the World (cont'd) • 1893 collapse § Panic, bank failures § Coxey’s Army The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Industrial Work and the Laboring Class The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The New Immigration • New immigrants, 1880 -1900 § § § Southern, eastern Europe Many Italian Catholics and Jews Mexicans Chinese Most came to work, but with few skills • Blamed for various problems The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Migration to the United States, 1860– 1910 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ethnic Diversity • Most immigrants begin at the bottom § Little experience § Day laborers § Blacks suffer from discrimination • Work experience § Workers often segregated by ethnicity § Long working day, 10 hours, six-day weeks § High rate of accidents The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Family Economy • Ideal versus reality § Men not always the sole breadwinner § Children often important • Women and work § § Almost 20% of women paid workers by 1900 Limited opportunities Domestic service Prostitution The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Family Economy (cont'd) • Black women more likely to be paid workers The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Domestic Servants The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Capital Versus Labor The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Protests • On-the-job protests § Some skilled workers had a measure of control § Could control rate of production § Quitting • Strikes § 1877, railroad strike § Many more follow § Owners use state militias and federal forces The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Protests (cont'd) • Homestead strike, 1892, versus Carnegie § Pinkertons § Federal troops The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Labor Organization, 1865 -1900 • National Labor Union, 1866 – short-lived • Knights of Labor § Originally secret § Open to all § Haymarket Riot, 1886, brings in 600, 000 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Labor Organization, 1865 -1900 (cont'd) • American Federation of Labor, 1886 § Led by Samuel Gompers § Skilled trades § Almost 1 million by 1900 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Strive and Succeed The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Middle-Class Women • • • Property rights in marriage in some states Clothing freer – Gibson girls Many organizations to join Education Smaller families Higher divorce rates The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Male Mobility & the Success Ethic • Enlarged educational system • Land-grant colleges • Idea of “career” emerges § Professionalism, specialization The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Gospel of Wealth • Idea from article by Andrew Carnegie, 1889 § Reflecting Social Darwinism • Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859 • Herbert Spencer applies these ideas to society • Businesses as competing beings The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Politics of the Gilded Age The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Politics of the Gilded Age • Parties not distinguished by ideology § Neither risks a difficult stand on national issues § Parties balanced • Gilded Age presidents not strong • Civil service reform § Garfield assassinated before taking office § Pendleton Act, 1883 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

National Issues • Currency – “hard” versus “soft” money § Farmers support silver • Tariffs • Bills to ensure blacks civil rights traded away The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Advertisements of the 1880 s The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Advertisements of the 1880 s, cont The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Election of 1896 • Populists strong § William Jennings Bryan § Push for silver • • Democrats choose a silver candidate 95% turnout Bryan gets 47% of the votes Mc. Kinley elected The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Presidential Election of 1896 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The New Shape of Politics • Stalemate ended with election of 1896 • Lower voter turnout • Gold/silver debate disappears § Discovery of gold in the North • Industrial capacity at maximum The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: The Complexity of Industrial Capitalism The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion: The Complexity of Industrial Capitalism • Transformations § Government-business alliance § Labor unions emerge as a force § New political parties • Cities become centers of change and conflict The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.