The American Colonies Declare Independence Salutary Neglect From

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The American Colonies Declare Independence

The American Colonies Declare Independence

Salutary Neglect From the conception of the Colonies England practiced Salutary Neglect. This practice

Salutary Neglect From the conception of the Colonies England practiced Salutary Neglect. This practice was to ignore the colonies as long as the colonies were loyal economically (mercantilism) We were able to practice self government (house of burgesses) and create an identity

The French and Indian War 1754 to 1763 war fought between the English and

The French and Indian War 1754 to 1763 war fought between the English and French over land in America. Called the French and Indian War because the Huron helped the French in the war, and their enemy the Iroquois sided with the British. Representatives from 9 colonies formed the Albany Congress and met in Albany, NY to discuss uniting to aid the British army. The Albany Plan was rejected. The British won, but victory cost a lot of money.

French and Indian War

French and Indian War

Who were the Colonial Governors? Remember, the colonies had elected legislative branches due to

Who were the Colonial Governors? Remember, the colonies had elected legislative branches due to Salutary Neglect. However, the governors were appointed by the King of England. So, who were the governors? Loyalist or Patriots?

Three major groups in the Colonies between 1668 -1776 British Soldiers- Here to enforce

Three major groups in the Colonies between 1668 -1776 British Soldiers- Here to enforce the collection of taxes. Eventually will be part of the war. Loyalist- Those who supported the King and wanted to remain English Colonies. Patriots (traitors)- Those who began to seek Independence from England.

Proclamation of 1763 Parliament (the British government) passed the Proclamation. It forbid colonists to

Proclamation of 1763 Parliament (the British government) passed the Proclamation. It forbid colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Created to protect colonists from the Indians Many colonists reacted with anger toward the Proclamation. They did not like being told what to do or where they could live.

Sugar Act 1764 Act that put a three-cent tax on foreign refined sugar and

Sugar Act 1764 Act that put a three-cent tax on foreign refined sugar and increased taxes on coffee, indigo, and certain kinds of wine. the taxes were enacted (or raised) without the consent of the colonists.

Stamp Act of 1765 placed a tax on all printed material, such as newspapers

Stamp Act of 1765 placed a tax on all printed material, such as newspapers and playing cards. This tax upset the colonists even more. More taxes without Representation

No Taxation without Representation The colonists claimed “no taxation without representation” because they were

No Taxation without Representation The colonists claimed “no taxation without representation” because they were being taxed but had no vote in Parliament and had no say in how the colonies were being governed. The colonists started a boycott, or a refusal to buy certain goods, from the British.

Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty Samuel Adams led the protests in Boston

Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty Samuel Adams led the protests in Boston against the taxes. He began a secret society called the Sons of Liberty. This was the group that actively rebelled against the English policies.

Sons of Liberty Used violence to scare off the tax collectors (tar and feathering).

Sons of Liberty Used violence to scare off the tax collectors (tar and feathering). Met as the Stamp Act Congress to organize a boycott. The Stamp Act was repealed (to do away with) because of all the protests.

The Boston Massacre 1770 Colonial men, led by Crispus Attucks, were shouting insults at

The Boston Massacre 1770 Colonial men, led by Crispus Attucks, were shouting insults at the British soldiers. They started throwing things, probably snow balls and rocks. Someone yelled “fire” and the Red Coats (what the British soldiers were called) shot. Five colonists, including Attucks, were killed. These were the first Americans killed for Independence. Sam Adams started calling the incident the Boston Massacre. He used the incident to get more people angry at the British.

A Tax on Tea May, 1773 Parliament began taxing tea. Tea was the most

A Tax on Tea May, 1773 Parliament began taxing tea. Tea was the most important beverage in the colonies. The colonists decided to boycott all British tea.

The Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773 Members of the Sons of Liberty dressed

The Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773 Members of the Sons of Liberty dressed up like Mohawk Indians and boarded three British ships full of tea. The colonists dumped all the tea into the harbor, about 90, 000 pounds. King George III was furious!

Coercive Acts 1774 -1776 A group of acts that were meant to punish the

Coercive Acts 1774 -1776 A group of acts that were meant to punish the Colonist due to the Boston Tea Party The king called them the Coercive Acts The colonist called them the Intolerable Acts

A few of the Intolerable Acts The Boston Port Bill -The King closed Boston

A few of the Intolerable Acts The Boston Port Bill -The King closed Boston Harbor to everything but British ships. The Quartering Act - The King sent lots of British troops to Boston. The colonists had to house and feed the British troops. If the colonists didn't do this for the British troops, they would get shot. The Administration of Justice Act -British Officials could not be tried in colonial courts for crimes. The Quebec Act -This bill extended the Canadian borders to cut off the western colonies of Connecticut, Massachusettes and Virginia

First Continental Congress September 5 th, 1774 A group of important men met to

First Continental Congress September 5 th, 1774 A group of important men met to discuss the crisis in the colonies. Militias were set up. (citizen soldiers) They sent a letter to King George III listing their grievences

The “Shot Heard Round the World” In Reaction to the Letter sent by the

The “Shot Heard Round the World” In Reaction to the Letter sent by the Colonist King George III sent troops. British soldiers in Boston were sent to capture the militias weapons. Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Israel Bissell warned the colonists that, “The Red Coats are coming. ” British troops marched to Concord to capture colonial leaders and the ammunition and weapons that were stored there. The first two battles of the American Revolution were fought at Lexington and Concord, April 18 th 1775

The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to discuss the next move of the

The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to discuss the next move of the colonists. Appointed George Washington as commander of the colonial army. War with Great Britain was imminent. Declaration of Independence approved.

Common Sense Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine was that encouraged colonists to fight for

Common Sense Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine was that encouraged colonists to fight for independence. Independence “common sense” since colonists participated in local governments. Common Sense was very influential because it was read by many people.

The Declaration of Independence Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May 1775 The

The Declaration of Independence Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May 1775 The colonists first needed to declare independence from Great Britain. Committee appointed to discuss writing a response to the king: B. Franklin, J. Adams, T. Jefferson, R. Sherman, and R. Livingston Thomas Jefferson, at the young age of 33, wrote the written response known as the Declaration of Independence.

The Enlightenment Transition from the Scientific Revolution to new ideas in Philosophy, Art, Economics,

The Enlightenment Transition from the Scientific Revolution to new ideas in Philosophy, Art, Economics, & Government

Effects of the Scientific Revolution During the Scientific Revolution, people began to believe that

Effects of the Scientific Revolution During the Scientific Revolution, people began to believe that the scientific method allowed them to find answers to their questions n As a result, new ideas began in areas outside of science: n Especially criticizing absolute monarchy and thinking of new ideas about government

 The What is the Enlightenment? intellectuals of the Enlightenment (called Philosophes) believed: The

The What is the Enlightenment? intellectuals of the Enlightenment (called Philosophes) believed: The universe could be understood through reason Everything in nature could be explained by natural laws—universal laws truths found through observation (Religion is not necessary to understand the world)

What is the Enlightenment? The belief in progress—the progress world can be improved upon

What is the Enlightenment? The belief in progress—the progress world can be improved upon & perfected People have natural rights— rights personal freedoms that allow people to enjoy liberty (no restrictions on speech, religion, or the economy)

Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment Hobbes, Locke, Jefferson, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire

Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment Hobbes, Locke, Jefferson, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire

Thomas Hobbes People cannot be trusted. Kings should rule!

Thomas Hobbes People cannot be trusted. Kings should rule!

Thomas Hobbes believed humans are naturally violent & disorderly; citizens need kings to protect

Thomas Hobbes believed humans are naturally violent & disorderly; citizens need kings to protect them from themselves (like a father protects his children) Hobbes believed that people form a social contract with the king & agree to give up their freedoms in exchange for the king’s protection

John Locke People are good! They have rights & should overthrow the gov’t when

John Locke People are good! They have rights & should overthrow the gov’t when kings abuse their power

 Locke John Locke believed that all people have natural rights (rights to life,

Locke John Locke believed that all people have natural rights (rights to life, liberty, & ownership of property) He added to Hobbes’ Social Contract Theory saying that people can break the “contract” when a king become corrupt The best government has limited powers & listens to the people

Who’s ideas are right? Hobbes Locke People are selfish, People are self-serving, & brutal

Who’s ideas are right? Hobbes Locke People are selfish, People are self-serving, & brutal reasonable & able Without government to make decisions control, society would People should be be chaotic able to rule themselves

Baron de Montesquieu Giving one person all the power is a bad idea.

Baron de Montesquieu Giving one person all the power is a bad idea.

Baron de Montesquieu wanted separation of powers & checks and balances to Like kings

Baron de Montesquieu wanted separation of powers & checks and balances to Like kings from Like a king too Likemuch a court keep gaining Parliament or or president system power in the government: Congress Legislative branch makes laws Executive branch enforces laws Judicial branch interprets laws

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Let’s make a government that benefits the majority of people

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Let’s make a government that benefits the majority of people

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed people are naturally good, but power corrupts them The best form

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed people are naturally good, but power corrupts them The best form of government is a direct democracy that promotes the common good of the majority People give up some of their individual rights to be ruled by the general will of the majority

The Enlightenment 18 th Century Intellectual Movement

The Enlightenment 18 th Century Intellectual Movement

Intellectual Movement During Voltaire Locke Rousseau Diderot the 18 th century, certain thinkers and

Intellectual Movement During Voltaire Locke Rousseau Diderot the 18 th century, certain thinkers and writers, primarily in London and Paris, believed that they were more enlightened than their compatriots and set out to enlighten them.

Enlightenment Thinkers These thinkers believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance,

Enlightenment Thinkers These thinkers believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world.

Enlightenment Philosophy The Enlightenment was a time when people in Europe began to question

Enlightenment Philosophy The Enlightenment was a time when people in Europe began to question the traditional ideas about government and power, and came up with new ideas about who should be involved in government. Several important writers of the 1700 s helped pave the way for the American Revolution.

John Locke The most important Enlightenment philosopher in the design of the government of

John Locke The most important Enlightenment philosopher in the design of the government of the United States. Natural Rights: purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of citizens; these rights are “life, liberty, and property” Social Contract: people in a society agree to give up some of their freedom in exchange for protection of their natural rights by a government

Montesquieu and Rousseau Baron de Montesquieu: Separation of Power powers of government should be

Montesquieu and Rousseau Baron de Montesquieu: Separation of Power powers of government should be divided into branches (Legislative Branch: Makes Laws; Executive Branch: Enforces Laws; Judicial Branch: Interprets Laws) Jean-Jacques Rousseau: “All Men Are Created Equal”

State of Nature Purpose of Government The state of nature is a state of

State of Nature Purpose of Government The state of nature is a state of war. No morality exists. Everyone lives in constant fear. Because of this fear, no one is really free, but, since even the “weakest” could kill the “strongest” men ARE equal. To impose law and order to prevent the state of war. Governments are designed to control, not necessarily represent. Representation Governments must be designed to protect the people from themselves. Impact on Founders Men exist in the state of nature in perfect freedom to do what they want. The state of nature is not necessarily good or bad. It is chaotic. So, men do give it up to secure the advantages of civilized society. To secure natural rights, namely man’s property and liberty. Representation ensures that governments are responsive to the people. Representation is a safeguard against oppression. Men in a state of nature are free and equal. In a state of nature, men are “Noble Savages”. Civilization is what corrupted him. 1. Governments must be responsive and aligned with the general will. 2. People make a nation, not institutions. 3. Individual wills are subordinate to the general (collective) will. Governments must be designed to protect the people from the government. 2. Natural Rights must be secured. To bring people into harmony. To unite them under the “General Will”. Representation is not enough. Citizens cannot delegate their civic duties. They must be actively involved. Rousseau favors a more direct democracy to enact the general will.

Enlightenment Targets Their principal targets were religion (the Catholic Church in France) and the

Enlightenment Targets Their principal targets were religion (the Catholic Church in France) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy.

Declaration of Independence Jefferson incorporated (included) the ideas of English philosophers John Locke and

Declaration of Independence Jefferson incorporated (included) the ideas of English philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. good government based on social contract between people and rulers Contract (agreement) * people give up some freedoms and obey government rules * government protects life, liberty and property of people

Declaration of Independence • • If government becomes abusive, people have right to rebel

Declaration of Independence • • If government becomes abusive, people have right to rebel The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776

 When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. --That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form

 Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now

Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

 To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has

To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

 In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

 We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress,

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection bet

 them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally

them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.

 And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the

And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

Which document explained to King George that the colonists had the right to separate

Which document explained to King George that the colonists had the right to separate from England? a. b. c. d. Declaration of Independence Common Sense Proclamation off 1763 Albany Plan

Which document encouraged colonists to fight against England? A. B. C. D. Declaration of

Which document encouraged colonists to fight against England? A. B. C. D. Declaration of Independence Albany Plan Common Sense Proclamation of 1763

According to the DOI, governments are established for the benefit of which group? A.

According to the DOI, governments are established for the benefit of which group? A. B. C. D. those elected to office all people kings and queens those with an education

Which statement BEST describes how changes are made in governments? A. B. C. D.

Which statement BEST describes how changes are made in governments? A. B. C. D. too quickly and without much thought frequently with much thought slowly and with a lot of thought often and with much thought

When should a government be changed? A. B. C. D. every ten years after

When should a government be changed? A. B. C. D. every ten years after the census is taken when elected officials choose to do so when it no longer served the basic needs of the people never

Which statement BEST describes basic rights that all people have? A. B. C. D.

Which statement BEST describes basic rights that all people have? A. B. C. D. no government can take rights away as it pleases people earn rights with a high school diploma government can change or abolish rights

In the Declaration of Independence what do the colonists declare? A. B. C. D.

In the Declaration of Independence what do the colonists declare? A. B. C. D. their continued loyalty to the king separation from England if the king did not protect their basic rights idea that common people have more rights than the king idea that all men are created equal but monarchs have certain rights

Assignment 1. Choose one of the following people listed below. 2. Complete an “I

Assignment 1. Choose one of the following people listed below. 2. Complete an “I Am” poem for the person you chose. 3. Your poem must summarize and evaluate the person and their involvement in the events leading to war. Samuel Adams/Sons of Liberty – boycotts, Stamp Act Congress, Boston Tea Party King George – Proclamation of 1763, taxation laws, Coercive Acts