The American Civil War 1861 1865 Causes Slavery

The American Civil War 1861– 1865

Causes • Slavery • Sectional Differences • Lifestyle • Culture • Economic Life • N-Finance & Manufacture • S- Crops & Agriculture

NORTH • Potential fighting and work force (20 -25 million citizens)---immigrants contributed greatly • Population 2. 5 to 1 • Free male population 4. 5 to 1 • Economics (approximately 70% of nation’s wealth resides in the North) • • Factory production 10 to 1 Textile production 14 to 1 Farm acreage 3 to 1 (potential) Wheat production 4. 2 to 1 (Britain ends up needing grains more than cotton as the war progresses) • Transportation—superior in every respect • Railroad mileage 7 to 1 • Naval ships 25 to 1 • Merchant ships 9 to 1 SOUTH • Fighting a defensive war on own terrain (vast wilderness territory) • Positive goal--- seeking independence from the Union • Experienced officer corps and foot soldiers (Mexican War fought by mostly southerners) • Cotton 24 to 1 (provides Britain and France) • Possibility of intervention/assistance (Britain) North vs. South

The Leaders • Abraham Lincoln • Jefferson Davis • 16 th President of the United States. • President of the Confederate States of America. • He opposed the expansion of slavery. • During the Mexican War, he had been an officer in the United States Army. • A Republican, • Led the Union during the Civil War. • Davis also had served as the United States Secretary of War. • John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln in • When the South surrendered, he was charged with treason Washington, D. C. , on April 14, 1865. CICERO © 2010 and prohibited from running for public office again.

The Generals Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman George Meade George B. Mc. Clellan Robert E. Lee Thomas Jackson James Longstreet James E. B. Stuart

Uniforms • At the beginning of the Civil War, states provided uniforms to soldiers; and the uniforms were in a variety of colors. • This led to massive confusion on the battlefield, and often soldiers fired on their own men. • As the war continued, both sides chose a single color for their uniforms. v The United States of America chose blue, v Confederate States of America chose gray.

Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

Major Battles of the Civil War

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 • The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter. • Major Robert Anderson of the United States Army had moved his troops to the base because he feared a Confederate attack. • In the early morning the Confederates launched an attack. • Northern troops under Anderson’s command returned fire, but were ineffective. • One Confederate soldier and four Union soldiers were killed in the battle. South Carolina

Virginia First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 • The First Battle of Bull Run took place on July 21, 1861. • General Irvin Mc. Dowell led the Union army toward Richmond, Virginia. • General P. G. T. Beauregard’s Confederate troops intercepted them. • The battle lasted about five hours. • Confederate forces began to retreat due to losses, except General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who continued to fight until reinforcements arrived. • The reenergized Confederates pushed Mc. Dowell’s forces out of the area. • Union casualties were high, almost three thousand; and the Confederates suffered two thousand casualties.

Antietam Maryland September 17, 1862 • The Battle of Antietam, September 16– 18, 1862 • AKA the Battle of Sharpsburg • Confederate forces under Generals George Mc. Clellan and Robert E. Lee. • Federal armies brutalized the Confederacy • 23, 000 casualties • Bloodiest Single Day of the War • The Union pushed Lee and his troops back to Antietam Creek, but Lee counterattacked with all his troops. • The two sides fought to a standstill, and both armies withdrew.

The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 • President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. • It was part of a two-part plan that guaranteed freedom to slaves in the Union and some Confederate states. • The Confederate government claimed Lincoln could not issue laws over states in which he had no political control. 1. The first plan, enacted on September 22, 1862, freed slaves in Confederate states that had not yet rejoined the Union. 2. The second part took effect on January 1, 1863, applying to specific states, but not to the border states such as Maryland West Virginia.

African-American Recruiting Poster The Famous 54 th Massachusetts

Vicksburg Mississippi May 2 -July 9, 1863 • Battle of Vicksburg -May 13, 1863. • The North and the South considered Vicksburg an important stronghold. • Union General Ulysses S. Grant launched massive assaults on Vicksburg and terrorized the inhabitants. • Confederates achieved a minimal victory for a while. • Federal troops pushed Confederate forces back as the size of the Union forces continued to increase. • Confederate General John Pemberton surrendered to Grant on July 3, 1863.

Gettysburg Pennsylvania July 1 -3, 1863 • The Battle of Gettysburg began as the Battle of Vicksburg was ending. • Confederate General Lee • Union General George C. Meade’s • Union Victory

THE NORTH INITIATES THE DRAFT, 1863 Irish Immigrants and Blacks recruited in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, ( July 13 -16, 1863

The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 • Abraham Lincoln delivered this famous speech on November 19, 1863, to a crowd gathered at the dedication of Soldier’s National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. • The speech contains only two hundred seventy-two words, but it is considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.

The Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln November 19, 1863

Sherman’s March to the Sea November 15 -December 20, 1864 • Union General William T. Sherman • The Union had already captured Atlanta • Sherman marched the rest of his army to the Atlantic Ocean through Savannah, Georgia. • Sherman’s troops burned buildings and infrastructures along the way, destroying many towns and cities. • Sherman’s troops defeated the depleted Confederate army and took Savannah on December 22, 1864.

Surrender at Appomattox Virginia April 9, 1865 • General Lee surrendered his Confederate army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. • Lee’s army had diminished, which contributed to Union General Grant’s many victories near the end of the war. • In a sign of respect, Grant allowed Lee to keep his saber and horse.

Assassination of Lincoln April 14, 1865 • President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at the end of the Civil War. • April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D. C. , with his wife and two other people. • Lincoln was watching Our American Cousin when John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head. • Booth was a loyal Confederate, and he thought the Confederacy could triumph if Lincoln were dead. • Lincoln died of his fatal wound the next morning.

The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators • The conspirators in the assassination of President Lincoln were Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, George Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel Mudd. • They were tried in a military tribunal court because the government deemed the nature of the case required the use of this court. • A majority vote would result in a guilty verdict, while a two-thirds majority would result in a death sentence. • All eight were found guilty. • Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerdot were sentenced to death by hanging. O’Laughlen died in prison. • President Andrew Johnson pardoned Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd.

Legislation Passed without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act: Increased taxes in the US to help pay for the war 1862 – Homestead Act: passed by Congress in 1862 - encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery 1862 – Legal Tender Act: authorizing the creation of paper money not redeemable in gold or silver. 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act: provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts. ” 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863): The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free. " 1863 – Pacific Railway Act: was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States. 1863 – National Bank Act: established a system of national banks, and created the United States National Banking System

Legacy of the War • The Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history. • Referred to as: • “The War Between the States” • “The Brother’s War” • “War of Northern Aggression” • 600, 000 Died • Massive inflation and Public Debt • Devastation of the South • Changing Labor Patterns and Roles for women • Passage of Thirteenth, Fourteenth , and Fifteen Amendments to the United States Constitution. • outlawed slavery, granted African Americans United States citizenship, and granted African-American males the right to vote. • Although equal treatment under the law for African Americans would not be enforced until almost a hundred years later, the Civil War abolished slavery and established the supremacy of the federal government.

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars