The Allies Are Victorious Chapter 16 Section 4

The Allies Are Victorious Chapter 16, Section 4

The Allies Plan for Victory • December 22, 1941 Winston Churchill and FDR meet at the White House to plan the war • Stalin want the Americans and Brits to attack Europe • This would weaken the Germans in the East (those fighting the Soviets) • Two fronts would end Germany

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts • The Brits and USA start by attacking in N. Africa and Italy/southern Europe first • This angered Stalin, he wanted them to go after France • USSR is still on their own with fighting the Germans and losing millions of people

North Africa Campaign • General Erwin Rommel (German) takes control in 1942 with the win at Tobruk • The British send Bernard Montgomery “Monty” to stop Rommel • The Battle of El Alamein was a massive assault by the British that finally sent the Germans into retreat • The US launched an attack in Morocco and trapped Rommel in-between US and British forces

Turning Point at Stalingrad • In the summer of 1942 Hitler and the Germans are ready to fight again in Russia • Hitler sent his Sixth Army to capture oil rich fields in the south of Russia • To do this they needed to capture the city of Stalingrad (Volgograd) • Started August 23, 1942

Stalingrad • Stalin told his generals to hold the city at all cost • By November the Germans controlled 90% of the city • By mid November the Soviets launched a counter attack that surrounded the city • The German Sixth Army was trapped and got little to no supplies

Stalingrad • On February 2, 1943 100, 000 frostbitten and starved German troops surrendered • The Soviets had lost over 1 million troops at Stalingrad • The city was 99% destroyed • This crushed the Germans in Russia • Only one more assault would be launched by the Germans in the East

Invasion of Italy • July 10 1943 with pressure from Stalin the Americans and Brits invade Europe, in… • Italy 180, 000 troops land in Sicily (island in the Mediterranean) • With this Mussolini was overthrown and arrested • Germany took over Italy and placed Mussolini back in charge

Italy • Long story short: – The campaign was not seen as a success by the Allies – They fought in Italy until the Germans surrender in 1945 – Mussolini was caught trying to escape in April of 1945 – He was shot and hung from and meat hook at a gas station in Milan

Life on Allied home Fronts • Places like Britain and the Soviet Union citizens lost their lives • Americans at home did not endure bombings or invasions but they support the war effort

Mobilizing for Total War • US factories converted from peacetime production to those of war • By 1944 18 million workers, many women, worked in war industries • Many items became scarce because of lack of production of use in war this leads to RATIONING • Allied governments conducted propaganda to inspire their citizens to “win the war”

Japanese Americans Imprisoned • Prejudice against Japanese Americans rose after Pearl Harbor • 127, 000 Japanese Americans lived in America – Most in Hawaii and the west coast • FDR set up the internment program • Military rounds up “aliens” and ship them to relocation camps • 31, 275 prisoners are taken to the camps, a vast majority being American citizens of Japanese descent

Allied Victory in Europe • The D-Day invasion (June 6, 1944) – Largest amphibious assault in history – Landed at Normandy, France – 5 beaches/sectors are attacked by US, British and Canadian soldiers • Juno, Sword, Gold, Utah and Omaha – They made their push towards Germany from this landing

The Battle of the Bulge • Hitler gambles in the west – He tries to knock the Allies out of western Europe with a great assault • December 7, 1944 the Germans launch their last attack breaking through a weak spot in Allied defenses • The allies poured more troops into the gap to stop the advance • George Patton (US) conducted one of the best counter offenses of the war to push the Germans back

Germany’s Unconditional Surrender • By March 1945 the Allies in the west crossed the Rhine river into Germany • The Soviets invaded Berlin on April 25, 1945 • Hitler was located in an underground bunker in Berlin – April 29: marries Eva Braun and writes his final address to the German people – April 30: he kills himself and has his body burned to ashes with gasoline

May 7, 1945 • Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany • May 8 th a global celebration occurred to celebrate V-E Day • The War in Europe was over

Victory in the Pacific • The war was over in Europe but the Pacific still raged on • The Allies push the Japanese closer and closer to Japan with their “island-hoping” campaign

The Japanese Retreat • By the fall of 1944 the Allies are closing in on Japan • When the Allies tried to retake the Philippines the Japanese risked their entire navy to stop them • At the Battle of Leyte Gulf and three days of fighting the Japanese navy was no more

The Japanese Retreat • Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilots • March 1945 the Americans finally take Iwo Jima (600 miles from Japan) • June 1945 Okinawa (350 miles from Japan) • Now the Allies can bomb mainland Japan

The Atomic Bomb • • • Built under the Manhattan Project Top secret base located all over America Each one made a component of the bomb J Robert Oppenheimer – lead developer First one was tested in the desert on New Mexico on July 16, 1945

Atomic Bomb • Two sides to this story • Pros – Could save up to half a million US lives – Would end the war quickly – Would send a message to the Soviets • Cons – Would kill hundreds of thousands of incent civilian lives – Would release a evil on the world like no other

Japan Surrenders • Okinawa was the staging island for the Bombs • August 6, 1945 Hiroshima – 73, 000 + died • August 9, 1945 Nagasaki – 37, 500 + died • The Japanese surrendered September 9, 1945 to Mac. Arthur aboard the USS Missouri