The Allied Victory World War II Objectives Analyze

The Allied Victory

World War II Objectives Analyze the causes and results of World War II

Chapters in Brief In 1942, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin planned the Allies’ strategy. Stalin wanted Britain and the United States to attack Germany to relieve the pressure on his armies. They agreed but chose to attack in North Africa. In late 1942, the British army drove the Germans out of Egypt and back to the west. Meanwhile, American troops landed behind the Germans and began moving east. The Germans were finally forced to abandon Africa in May 1943. At the same time, the Soviets enjoyed a major victory. German troops had invaded the Soviet city of Stalingrad in 1942. The Red Army forced the Germans to surrender in February 1943. American and British soldiers next invaded Italy and captured Sicily. Mussolini was forced from power and the new Italian government surrendered. Hitler was unwilling to give up Italy. His army fought fiercely there until 1945.

Chapters in Brief While the Allied armies fought, people at home suffered. Some British and Soviet citizens died. In the United States, citizens faced shortages. Goods such as food, tires, gasoline, and clothing were in short supply. The government rationed these items – limiting how much a person could have – to make sure that there were enough for the armies. Some Americans were even imprisoned. Since bitter feelings against the Japanese became widespread, mistrust of Americans of Japanese heritage grew. The U. S. government gathered thousands of Japanese Americans who lived on the West Coast and forced them to move to concentration camps in the western United States. Two-thirds of them were American citizens. In early 1944, the Allies built a massive force to retake France. In June, an invasion of thousands of ships, planes, and solders was launched. The Allies suffered heavy losses but gained control of northern France. A month later, Allied forces broke out and began to pour through German lines. By September, the Allies had forced the Germans out of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and much of the Netherlands.

Chapters in Brief(continued) At the same time, the Soviets were pushing the Germans back to eastern Europe. In late 1944, Hitler ordered his army to make one final, large-scale attack in the west. In the Battle of the Bulge, it punched through Allied lines until an Allied counterattack forced it back to Germany. By late April 1945, Soviet troops surrounded Berlin, Hitler’s headquarters. Hitler killed himself, and a week later, the Germans surrendered. Roosevelt had not lived to see this victory, however. He had died in early April. Harry Truman was now president. In the Pacific, the Allies advanced on Japanese territory starting in 1943. By the fall of 1944, they had landed troops in the Philippines. The Japanese sent their remaining ships to try to destroy the U. S. Navy near the Philippines. In the Battle of Leyte Gulf, in October 1944, the Japanese lost badly, and their navy was rushed. American troops began to move closer to Japan. In March 1945, they captured an island called Iwo Jima. By June, they had won control of Okinawa, an island just 350 miles from Japan was the next stop. But the U. S. military feared that an invasion of Japan would cost half a million Allied lives. In August, President Truman ordered an experimental atomic bomb dropped on the city of Hiroshima to try to quickly end the war. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Tens of thousands of Japanese died. In September, Japan surrendered.

Allied Home Front • the “home front” supported the war effort and continued to rally for support • defeating the Axis powers required mobilizing for total war • 1944 – 17 and 18 million U. S. workers – mostly women – had jobs in industry • U. S. government and the Soviet Union government created war bonds to help pay for the war • U. S. Troops were supported by all – including Hollywood

Paying for the War

Paying for the War

Paying for the War

Betty Grable : Allied Pinup Girl She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting F

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts

The “Big Three” Winston Churchill / Franklin Roosevelt / Joseph Stalin

The Allied Victory • December 22, 1941 – Winston Churchill and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt met in the White House to develop a joint war policy • Stalin asks the allies to relieve German pressure on his armies in the east – open second front in the west • Churchill agrees and convinces FDR to attack Hitler first prior to attacking Japan

Axis Powers in 1942

The Italian Campaign “Operation Torch” : Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” • Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa • November 1942 - May 1943 • Dwight D. Eisenhower leads American troops • Germans trapped in Tunisia • Rommel and his Afrika Korps were crushed in May 1943

Invasion of Italy • Churchill and Roosevelt landed in Sicily on July 10, 1943 • captured Sicily from Italian and German troops a month later • conquest toppled Mussolini • July 25 – King Emmanuel III had Mussolini arrested • September 3 = Italy surrendered • Germans than seized control over northern Italy • June 4, 1944 allies entered Rome • April 27, 1945 – Mussolini is found disguised as a German soldier • Mussolini and his mistress were shot the next day and were hung in downtown Milan

The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943 General George S. Patton

The Allies Liberate Rome: June 5, 1944

Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945

The Battle of Stalingrad • Germans advanced in late 1941 had stalled in Leningrad and Moscow • bitter winter made situation worse • the battle began on August 23, 1941 • Luftwaffe went on nightly bombing raids – situation looked desperate for the Soviet’s • early November 1942 – Germans controlled more than 90 percent of the ruined city • winter set in again = soviets counterattacked and cut off supplies to the Germans • Hitler refused retreat “to be held at all costs” • February 2, 1943 – 90, 000 German troops surrendered • Stalingrad was 99% destroyed

Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942 -1943 German Army Russian Army 1, 011, 500 men 1, 000, 500 men 10, 290 artillery guns 13, 541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1, 216 planes 1, 115 planes

Victory in Europe • 1943 the Allies began secretly building an invasion force in Great Britain • plan = to launch an attack on German-held France across the English Channel / May 1944 invasion force was ready • 1, 000 of planes, ships, tanks and landing craft / more than three million troops awaited the attack order • General Dwight D. Eisenhower = commander of the D-Day Invasion – to strike the coast of Normandy in northwestern France • Germans knew the attack was coming – did not know where it would be launched • Allies set up a huge dummy army with its own headquarters and equipment – appeared to be attacking another French seaport D-Day = Allied invasion of storming the beaches at Normandy, France

Victory in Europe(continued) • code name “Operation Overlord” was the largest land sea attack in history • June 6, 1944 the invasion began

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders fo D-Day “Operation Overlord”

Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944) German Prisoners Higgins Landing Crafts

Conditions • • • June 6, 1944 6: 30 AM 130, 000 troops landing 195, 700 Navy personnel Wanted low tide

Sword Beach Today

Victory in Europe(continued) • At dawn – British, American, French, and Canadian troops fought their way onto a 60 -mile stretch of beach • more than 2, 700 American casualties on landing day • within a month, more than 1, 000 additional troops had landed • July 25 – Allies punched a hole in the German defenses • United States Third Army – led by General George Patton broke out • A month later, the Allies triumphantly into Paris • September – France, Belgium, and Luxembourg were liberated

The Liberation of Paris: August 25, 1944 De Gaulle in Triumph!

U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944

The Battle of the Bulg • a month long battle in which the Allies succeeded in turning back the last major German offensive of the war • pushed Germany on the defense in the East • Hitler tried to split the line = Allies hold on • Hitler: “This battle is to decide whether we shall live or die…All resistance must be broken in a wave of terror”

The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s Last Offensive Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945

Germany’s Unconditional Surrender • after the Battle of the Bulge, the war quickly drew to a close • by mid-April 1945, approximately 3, 000 allied soldiers were approaching Berlin • Soviets surrounded the capital

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 Cyanide & Pistols The Führer’s Bunker Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

SURRENDER • May 7, 1945 – General Dwight D. Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich from the German military • V-E Day (Victory over Europe) on May 8, 1945 • May 9, 1945 - the surrender was officially signed in Berlin

FDR Dies…Truman Takes Over i the Pacific April 12 th 1945

V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot Major Claus von Stauffenberg

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot 1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below 10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss 11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant 12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured) 13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend 14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured) • Assassination Video (4: 20) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u 5 Jgn. SQy. N 90&feature=rel ated

Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”: Too Little, Too Late! V-1 Rocket: “Buzz Bomb” V-2 Rocket Werner von Braun

Potsdam Conference: July, 1945 • FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference • Stalin only original • the United States has the A-bomb • Allies agree Germany is to be divided into • Poland moved around to suit the Soviets occupation zones P. M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

Victory in the Pacific

Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the Japanese • anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. • on December 7, 1941, the United States naval base Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan, resulting in the U. S. entry into WWII • during that time, more than 119, 000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon

Executive Order 9066 • President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 in February of 1942 • Executive Order No. 9066 empowered the U. S. Army to designate areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded. " • the attack of Pearl Harbor shocked the American public, resulting in widespread hysteria and paranoia

Japanese Interment Internment: to the forced imprisonment and relocation of a group of people

Japanese Victories • Japan conquers: Guam / Wake Island / Philippines (Manila) / Hong Kong / Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) / Burma / Islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes Bataan Death March: forced march of more than 50 miles up the peninsula • the Japanese subjected their captives to terrible cruelties – 70, 000 started only 54, 000 survived

Singapore Surrenders [February, 1942]

U. S. Surrenders at Corregidor, the Philippines[March, 1942]

Bataan Death March : April, 1942 76, 000 prisoners [12, 000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines

Bataan: British Soldiers A Liberated British POW

Allies Strike Back • Allies (America and Australia) fight back • Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle bombed Tokyo – did little damage IMPORTANCE: Japan was vulnerable • Tokyo raid raised American morale and shook the confidence of Japan • May 1942 the Allies began to turn the tide of war • Japan next targeted Midway Island (150 miles west of Hawaii)

Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942

Allies Strike Back (continued) Battle of Midway – June 3, 1942 • Turned the War in the Pacific against the Japanese – Strategic island northwest of Hawaii – decisive U. S. victory – From this point the American Navy consistently drives the Japanese back towards Japan – Japan suffers the staggering loss of 4 aircraft carriers – U. S. can start “island hopping”

Battle of Midway Island: June 4 -6, 1942

Battle of Midway Island: June 4 -6, 1942

Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping ”

“Island-Hopping ”: US Troops on Kwajalien Island

Gen. Mac. Arthur “Returns” to the Philippines! [1944]

Allied Offensive American Strategy of “Island Hopping” • US Navy and Marine Corps travel from island to island slowly making their way to Japan • each island represents brutal combat against the Japanese army that is taught that surrender is dishonorable Battle of Guadalcanal - August 1942 = United States victory in the South Pacific led by General Douglas Macarthur - first Japanese defeat on land

Japanese in Retreat • the war in Europe had ended; fight with the Japanese still existed • fall 1944 – Allies moving in on Japan • General Douglas Mac. Arthur led his troops to the shore at Laytee in the Philippines • Japan had devised a bold plan to halt the Allied advances • Japan wanted to destroy the American fleet, thus preventing the Allies from resupplying their ground troops • Japanese used kamikazes – suicide pilots ** In Japanese culture, the kamikaze pilots showed that they valued national honor and the policy of nationalism more

Kamikazes ** In Japanese culture, the kamikaze pilots showed that they valued national honor and the policy of nationalism more than individual life **

Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots Japanese Suicide Bombers

Japanese in Retreat (continued) • March 1945 – American Marines take Iwo Jima • Iwo Jima is an island 760 miles from Tokyo • April 1, 1945 – U. S. troops moved onto the island of Okinawa • Okinawa is about 350 miles from southern Japan • June 21, 1946 – the bloodiest land battles of the war ended • Japanese lost over 100, 000 troops while the Americans lost 12, 000 troops

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima

Japanese Surrender • after Okinawa, the next stop for the Allies had to be Japan • President Truman’s advisers informed him that an invasion of the Japanese homeland might cost the Allies a half of million lives • President Truman had to decide whether or not he was to use the new weapon – Atomic Bomb

The Manhattan Project : The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to create the atomic bomb

The Manhattan Project : Los Alamos, NM I am death; the shatterer of worlds! Major General Lesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

Tinian Island, 1945 Little Boy Fat Man Enola Gay. Crew

Colonel Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 © “little boy” © 70, 000 killed immediately © 48, 000 buildings. destroyed © 100, 000 s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 Bomb Video (7: 02) http: //www. youtube. com/watc h? v=v. YGA 58 MPZi 8

The Beginning of the Atomic Age

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 © “fat man” © 40, 000 killed immediately © 60, 000 injured © 100, 000 s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later

Atomic Bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Reasons: 1. saving American lives 2. shortening the war 3. forcing Japan to surrender

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors Coroner’s Report – Atomic Bomb (2: 17) http: //www. history. com/videos/ato mic-bomb#atomic-bomb

Hiroshima Memorials

Japanese Surrender (continued) • September 2, 1945 Japan surrendered to General Douglas Mac. Arthur • ceremony took place on the United States battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay • V-J Day (Victory over Japan) – September 2, 1945 was achieved because of the dropping of the two atomic bombs

V-J Day (September 2, 1945)

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

** Victory of Japan Factors ** 1. ** the unconditional surrender of Germany 2. the capture of Iwo Jima and Okinawa 3. the dropping of atomic bombs on two Japanese cities **

Japanese War Crimes Trials General Hideki Tojo Bio-Chemical Experiments

WWII Casualties: Europe Each symbol indicates 100, 000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

WWII Casualties: Asia Each symbol indicates 100, 000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

Country Australia Men in war Battle deaths Wounded 1, 000 26, 976 180, 864 Austria 800, 000 280, 000 350, 117 Belgium 625, 000 8, 460 55, 5131 40, 334 943 4, 222 339, 760 6, 671 21, 878 Canada 1, 086, 3437 42, 0427 53, 145 China 3 17, 250, 521 1, 324, 516 Brazil 2 Bulgaria 1, 762, 006 Czechoslovakia — 6, 6834 8, 017 Denmark — 4, 339 — Finland 500, 000 79, 047 50, 000 France — 201, 568 400, 000 20, 000 3, 250, 0004 7, 250, 000 Greece — 17, 024 47, 290 Hungary — 147, 435 89, 313 32, 121 64, 354 Germany India 2, 393, 891 Italy 3, 100, 000 149, 4964 Japan 9, 700, 000 1, 270, 000 140, 000 Netherlands 280, 000 6, 500 2, 860 New Zealand 194, 000 11, 6254 17, 000 75, 000 2, 000 — — 664, 000 530, 000 650, 0005 350, 0006 — 410, 056 2, 473 — — 6, 115, 0004 United Kingdom 5, 896, 000 357, 1164 369, 267 United States 16, 112, 566 291, 557 670, 846 3, 741, 000 305, 000 425, 000 Norway Poland Romania South Africa U. S. S. R. Yugoslavia WW II Casualties 66, 716 14, 012, 000 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Civilians only. Army and navy figures. Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. Deaths from all causes. Against Soviet Russia; 385, 847 against Nazi Germany. Against Soviet Russia; 169, 822 against Nazi Germany. National Defense Ctr. , Canadian Forces Hq. , Director of History.

The Division of Germany: 1945 - 1990

Massive Human Dislocations

The De-Colonization of European Empires

The Creation of the United Nations

Early Computer Technology Came Out of WWII Colossus, 1941 Mark I, 1944 Admiral Grace Hooper, 1944 -1992 COBOL language

The U. S. & the U. S. S. R. Emerged as th Two Superpowers of the later Twentieth Century (20 c)

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War

Essential Question Did President Truman make the correct decision in using the atomic bomb? Why or why not? Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.

World War II Objectives Analyze the causes and results of World War II