The Age of Reason Enlighten ment William Blakes
The Age of Reason & Enlighten ment
William Blake’s Newton, 1795
Zoology & Biology A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.
Natural History Collections James Petiver’s Beetles (London apothecary)
Private Collections The Origins of Modern Museums.
Women & Science The German astronome r Hevelius & his wife examine the
Centers of the Enlightenment
The “Enlightened” Individual Philosophe The
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke (1632 -1704)
The American “Philosophes” John Adams (17451826) Ben Franklin (1706…. . . …life, liberty, 1790) and Thomas Jefferson (17431826) the pursuit of
Voltaire (1712 -1778) ► AKA Francois Marie Arouet. ► Essay on the Customs and Spirit of Nations, 1756 ► Candide, 1759 ► Philosophical Dictionary, 1764
The Baron de Montesquieu (16891755) ► Persian Letters, 1721 ► On the Spirit of Laws, 1758
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) ►A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, 1750 ► Emile, 1762.
Populari zing the Enlighte
A Parisian Salon
Madame Geoffrin’s Salon
The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (16991777) Mademoisell e Julie de Lespinasse (1732*- Madame Suzanne Necker (17391794)
Denis Diderot (17131784) ► All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings. ► We will speak against
Diderot’s Encyclopédie
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie
An Increase in Reading
“Enlight ened Despotis
Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740 -1786) • freedom of the press and religion (limited, not Jews) • sponsored Voltaire • some legal reforms (curb use of torture) • no changes to serfdom or nobility (Junkers)
Catherine the Great (r. 1762 -1796) ► German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt. Zerbst. ► 1729 -– 1796.
Reformer? OR Despot? • not Russian (German)… murdered her husband • supported Enl. Writers (Voltaire, Diderot) • some legal reforms • Enlightened reforms! after major serf rebellion (Pugachev’s Rebellion)… no more • Strengthened Serfdom / Territorial Expansion (Poland)
Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765► 1741 -– 1790) ► His mother was Maria Theresa.
Habsburg Family Crest
Joseph II of Austria
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