The Age of Jefferson The Jefferson Madison Administrations

The Age of Jefferson The Jefferson & Madison Administrations (1800 -1816) Learning Target: I will be able to evaluate the growth of the federal government following the so-called “Revolution of 1800”.

Republican Identities in a New Republic An age of rapid population growth o 7. 2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in 1800 o 20% black slaves o Children under sixteen the largest single group Strong regional identities facilitated by transportation improvements & motivated by defensiveness Early secession movements threatened national unity

North America in 1800

Westward the Course of Empire Intense migration to West after 1790 New states o o o Kentucky— 1792 Tennessee— 1796 Ohio— 1803 Western regional culture rootless, optimistic

Native American Resistance Settlers bought land fraudulently Native Americans resisted o o Tecumseh led Shawnee; defeated in War of 1812 Creek defeated by Andrew Jackson at Battle of Horseshoe Bend Jefferson wanted Native Americans moved west of Mississippi & to become yeoman farmers with help of federal Indian agents

Commercial Life in the Cities U. S. economy based on agriculture & trade (84% of population in agriculture) American shipping prospered, 1793 -1807 Cities’ main function was international trade, otherwise marginal role in national life: only 7% of population was urban

Commercial Life in the Cities Commerce as too risky preferred, manufacturing seen o Samuel Slater an exception Industrialization & mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmen

Election of 1800

Election of 1800

Heated Political Campaigns Federalist Issues o Alien and Sedition Acts created many enemies. (Shocking!) o Federalists Split (Hamilton’s High Federalists) o Hamilton Pamphlet o All-dressed-up-and-nowhere-to-go military Jeffersonian Issues o Accused of having relations and children with slaves. (True) o Federalists label him atheist • Women bury Bibles

“Revolution of 1800” Jefferson was strong with South and West, most of which were poor farmers or supporters of states’ rights. 3/5 Compromise was key to election. o Southern states used slaves counting toward vote to sway election in Jefferson’s favor. o “Negro President” Called revolution not necessary because of upheaval, actually a PEACEFUL transition, but because of a return to revolutionary ideals.

Draw of Jefferson was well educated and prominent citizen of the world. Ambassador to France Spoke French, sophisticated Still connected with common people Focused on good for

Jefferson as President Jefferson’s personal style o Despised ceremonies & formality o Dedicated to intellectual pursuits Jefferson’s goals as president o Reduce size and cost of government o Repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition Act o Keep U. S. out of war Jefferson was skillful politician o Good relations with Congressional leaders, never had to veto a bill o Picked talented, loyal men for his cabinet

Jeffersonian Reforms Cutting federal debt a priority Tax system re-structured, direct taxes eliminated, federal revenue from customs Military cut substantially o Cut government expenses o Republican ideology favored militia over standing army o Military professionalism kept by creating Army Corps of Engineers and West Point Federalists fell apart o Moderate Federalists allowed to remain bureaucracy and were co-opted by Republicans o Many leaders like Jay retired from public life o Campaigning to commoners seen as demeaning o Westward expansion favored Republicans

Formative Assessment Why is Jefferson’s election sometimes seen as the “Revolution of 1800”?

The Louisiana Purchase Spain gave Louisiana to France, New Orleans closed to American ships Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U. S. o Sent James Monroe to negotiate its purchase Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million Importance: it would help make America a firstrank power Constitution vague on power to acquire land inhabited by foreigners

The Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana Goal to find if Missouri River goes to Pacific and to explore flora and fauna Sacagawea critical in helping expedition deal with nature and Native Americans whom they encountered Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchase

The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark Group Reading and Rotation Sabryn, Kyle, Destiny (Friday, Aug 16, 1805) Sarah, Hunter, Jasmine (Monday, Aug 19, 1805) Caleb, Meagan, Cat (Aug 21, 23, 24, 1805) Katelyn, Brendan, Hayley L. (Friday, Aug 16, 1805) Cassidy, Zane, Kelsey (Monday, Aug 19, 1805) Hannah, Hayden, Kilee (Aug 21, 23, 24, 1805) Maddie, Nathan, Marissa (Friday, Aug 16, 1805) Justine, Colton, Hayley S. (Monday, Aug 19, 1805)

Lewis and Clark Group Reading and Rotation Bri, Ricky, Brittany (Friday, Aug 16, 1805) Chris, Tristan, Lilly (Monday, Aug 19, 1805) Robert, Allie, Savanna (Aug 21, 23, 24, 1805) Jillian, Cassidy, Marshall (Friday, Aug 16, 1805) Erika, Sierra, Austin (Monday, Aug 19, 1805)

Lewis and Clark Journal Questions The ravenous Shoshone who devoured the deer caused Lewis to write that he “did not until now think that human nature ever present itself in a shape so nearly allyed to the brute creation. ” How did observing behavior that he considered horrifying shape Lewis’s other observations of the Shoshone, if at all? Did Lewis consider the Shoshone subhuman? Lewis admired some qualities of the Shoshone and criticized others. What traits did he mention in his journal? What did he say about relations of gender and power among the Indians? To what extent did he believe the Shoshone were different from white Americans? In what ways had whites already influenced the Shoshone? Did Lewis believe the Shoshone were likely to adopt the ways of white Americans? Why or why not?

Formative Assessment The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were supporters of states’ rights and a limited federal government. How does Jefferson justify a federal purchase of the Louisiana Territory? What benefits come from the Louisiana Purchase?

Conflict with the Barbary States North African states demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean Jefferson refused and dispatched U. S. fleet to intimidate Barbary states Attacks failed and U. S. ended up paying ransom for crew of U. S. S. Philadelphia U. S. finally forced negotiation with a blockade Jefferson won re-election overwhelmingly

The Barbary States

The Election of 1804

Jefferson’s Critics Dispute over Jefferson’s reforms of federal judiciary Conflicts between Republicans Burr’s plot to separate the West Sectional dispute over the slave trade

Attack on the Judges: Judiciary Act of 1801 created new circuit courts filled with loyal Federalists o “Midnight Judges” 1802—Jeffersonians repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courts and save money Federalists charged violation of judges’ constitutional right of tenure

Marbury v. Madison (1803) ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship Republicans claimed victory Chief Justice John Marshall ensured Federalist influence through judicial review

Impeachments 1803—Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanity, but no “high crimes” Republicans began fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary Jefferson exacerbated fears by seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel Chase Republican Senate refused to convict

The Yazoo Controversy Yazoo o controversy Fraudulent land case in Georgia Jefferson attempted to settle by providing land to innocent parties Some complained settlement condoned fraud Fletcher o o v. Peck (1810) Marshall Court upheld Jefferson’s settlement Court may nullify unconstitutional state laws

Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr broke with Jefferson Burr sought Federalist support in 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s efforts Burr killed Hamilton in a duel

The Burr Conspiracy Burr fled West after Hamilton duel Schemed to invade Spanish territory, separate Louisiana from U. S. Burr arrested, tried for treason Acquitted on constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence Precedent made it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason as a political tool, especially hearsay and circumstantial evidence

The Slave Trade Constitution had said Congress could consider banning importation of slaves after 1808 Jefferson asked for and Congress approved such a ban Sectional conflict over what to do with captured slaves o Northerners could not agree o Southerners demanded states regulate slavery o Law said states deal with captured smuggled slaves

Embarrassments Overseas 1803—England France resumed war American ships subject to seizure o o By England through “Orders in Council” By Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decrees Chesapeake vs. Leopard: public demanded war Jefferson refused war to preserve financial reform and recognized that his military cuts had left nation ill prepared for war

Embargo Divides the Nation 1807—Congress prohibited U. S. ships from leaving port Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rights Embargo unpopular at home o o o Detailed government oversight of commerce Army suppressed smuggling New England economy damaged

Formative Assessment Why did Jefferson attempt an embargo over fighting with France and Britain? Did it work? What aspects did he not anticipate?