The Age of Exploration Ryan Schwartz Inventions Many

The Age of Exploration Ryan Schwartz

Inventions Many advancements were made in the field of navigation that helped the explorers of this time find their way into new worlds of riches and wonder. Calculating longitude Compasses were only was a Another invention in the age of tricky business was very instruments thatand pointed in a exploration was latitude sailing complex. involved not exactthat determines your position northward. Itdirection, determining speed of. Old the north or south of the equator. locations for the navigators. ship and how it corresponds compasses were made out of a. This is done by measuring the with the compass direction iron needle magnetized with angle between the horizon and a and the time the day. on a wood celestial body, like he North Star. magnetite thatoffloated Speed measured by They how The navigator would then go to a chip inwas a bowl of water. fast piece ofinto wood would disk chart called a ephemeris and find lateraevolved a painted float to the end of the ship the parallel that corresponds with directional arrows showing from the bow. Time was the cardinal directions rotatingwith on the ability to see a specific taken sundials and celestial body on a specific day. a brasswith pin using in an empty cup. hour glasses.

Ships of the Age One ship of this time period was called a caravel, which had a firm rudder for good control and was slim for nimbleness. The boat itself is shallow so that it can sail around coastal waters without running aground. It could be controlled with twenty-five men and could interchange its triangular sails for square sails, allowing it to maneuver better in storms and have good speed in between winds. This version was called the caravela redonda, the ship that the Portuguese bragged about having in their fleet. The next ship of the age was called a nao. This specific ship has square sails, allowing for better maneuverability in storms and faster speeds when no winds are present. It is a larger ship so that it can carry more supplies for longer journeys and has a deeper hull for greater stability in the open ocean. Its also has three masts for better wind control in hectic storms. This ships was very popular during the age of exploration. All of Magellan’s fleet was comprised of naos ships.

Reasons for Exploration • The purpose of the age of exploration was to find new natural resources for use by Europe’s nations and increase their supplies of wealth (gold and silver). • Natural resources were mainly brought back to the home countries from foreign colonies. • Another goal of this time period was to spread the Christian faith. • Mercantilism was the main policy used during this time and is as follows –the idea that there is a defined amount of wealth in the world and a country should gain as much as they can at the expense of other countries. This can be done by increasing exports and decreasing imports as well as having the government regulating commerce.

Timeline of Explorers

The Portuguese needed improved agricultural prospects than what they had in their own country, so they set out to foreign places of the world to get what they needed. They also were looking for converts to Christianity as well as to know what was out their. Out of all the countries that participated in the Age of Exploration, the Portuguese were the most secretive and advanced in their methods of navigation, leading the way for the rest of Europe. Portugal only solely dependent on its sea power and imported many luxury items from the Orient such as spices and porcelain. This dramatically increased the wealth of Portugal during this time and made it a major European power on the seas. The list of explores for Portugal are as follows: • Prince Henry the Navigator • Vasco de Gama • Bartholomeu Dias

Henry the Navigator • He was the son of King João I of Portugal and lived from 1394 -1460. He helped takewas back long holdand on the • His. Portugal main goal to its reach India Northern African lands frombut thehe Moors. Orient by going around Africa, had difficulty sailors and to sail around part • He wasgetting a mapmaker wanted to aknow of Africa known as Cape Bojador, the place. In what was outside the sphere of Europe. where the Earth is closest to the sun. addition, he wanted converts to He never found India. Eventually, he helped establish Christianity and discover the abode of a system of trading the African Prester John, aoutposts Christianalong Kingdom that coast that helped future explorers findortheir was hidden somewhere in Africa Asia. way. Henry to India. outposts Portugal also. These wanted to gainsupplied wealth for his withnation slaves, ivory, most and most importantly because of Europe was gold. running by the mercantilist system and his country needed the most wealth to be the best.

Vasco de Gama • • This was accomplished easily because Venice was at Vasco de Gama was born in 1460 in Portugal and war with the Ottoman Empire. Pedro Alvares Cabral became a member of the royal court. took control of this assignment, as well as discovering He was chosen to Brazil, go to India with ships: while De four Gama was São sent back to India on Gabriel, Berrio, São Raphael, and a ship for storage. another successful mission and became part of King Along with his brother, they down Africa John III of ventured Portugal’s court. De Gama was later sent and past the Cape back of Good Hope, to and India, to India to northeast be Viceroy died there in Cochin stopping at Mozambique, in 1524 Malindi, and meeting many new cultures, which were logged and accounted for, including the Hindus. When they returned to Portugal , the price of spices had dramatically increased thanks to Venice and its monopoly on trade to the Orient. De Gama had carried boatloads of spices (spices, jewels, ivory, and gold) back with him, giving a lot of money to the Portuguese government as well as the stimulating idea of taking over the spice trade from Venice.

Bartolemeu Dias • Bartolemue Dias was born in Portugal in 1457 into a noble family, and was well educated from an early age. • • He alsolater accompanied many explorers In his years, he was sent by Kingon. João I of voyages places. He went withpoint Portugaltotonumerous sail around the southern-most Vasco de Gama to India, Pedro of Africa and make contact with. Alvares Prester. Cabral John, on expedition that leadkingdom him to Brazil (on or thethe leader of a Christian in Africa aforementioned page), andthe Diogo d'Azambuja to Asia which Prince Henry Navigator explore the Gold Coast of Africa. desperately wanted to find. On returning back to Portugal, Kingstorm that heoffhad • He died in. Dias 1500 told in athe vicious themeet Cape Prester of Good. John, Hope. King of Ethiopia. • During this voyage, Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope, the southern-most point of Africa. He called it the Cabo Tormentosa, or the Cape of Storms, because he sailed around the Cape of Good Hope during a violent storm.

The Treaty of Tordesillas This treaty was put into place in 1494 after the Portuguese and Spaniards had been fighting against one another for their trade routes. This treaty, put in place by the Pope, divided the world into two spheres, three-hundred miles west of the Azores, and everything to the west was Spain’s while everything to the east was Portugal's. This allowed each to keep their current landholdings and avoid deadly confrentations. The treaty was followed for many years but was later ignored by expanding European empires.

The Spaniards Spain gain much of its power in the same way the Portuguese did, through exploration. They, however, focused less on trading and more on the new found Americas that lie on the other side of the Atlantic. This all started with Christopher Columbus and his accidental discovery. The Spaniards conquered the native people with conquistadors in search of riches and glory. Some of the conquistadors were Hernando Cortez who conquered the Aztecs and Mayans in Mexico, starting in 1519, while Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Incans in Peru. Many other explorers came from Spain to discover the rest of the world and are listed below: • Christopher Columbus • Ferdinand Magellan • Francisco Pizzaro • Sebastian del Cano

Christopher Columbus He landed on the island of Hispaniola after sixty • -six days at sea. He thought that he had • Christopher Columbus waswas born in 1451 intothe discovered the Orient and astonished see Republic of Genoa, Italy and was surrounded such interesting natives. During his voyage, heby the giving him desireofto. San discover what was alsosea, discovered the aisland Salvador beyond. was educated his life anddewent (Walting. He Island), the islandlate of in Santa Maria la to Portugal to fulfill his aspirations and receive a Concepcion (also known as Rum Cay), the charter from the government. He was rejected. Island of Fernandina (Long Island, Ney York), • He to Queen Isabelle I and. Cuba, King also then islandwent Isabella (Crooked Island), Ferdinand V (named of Castille for. Spain’s a charter but was called Juana after young declined again. Then, after the Moors were of Prince), the island of Hispaniola, the island defeated Granada, young nobles called hidalgos Haiti, andatthe island of San Domingo. During expected land return for their services. with the last part ofin this voyage, the ship Santa. So, María the help of an adviser named Santángel, sunk. Columbus’ mission, now to gain new • Christopher Columbus had three other voyages, which land abroad for the numerous was involved converting the localshidalgos, to Christianity approved 1492. that resulted in the discovery across thein Atlantic • Columbus thought he could also a new route of the islands of Montserrat, San find Martin, Santa to India on his voyage going. Islands, west ofand the. San Cruz , Antigua, and the by Virgin Canary Islands. As he. Rico). set out on his journey, he Juan Bautista (Puerto given a fleet of three ships consisting of the • was During these voyages, Columbus started the Niña (also called the Santa Clara), the Pinta, with and Spanish tradition of abusing and interacting the María. of their colonies. the Santa inhabitants • Columbus died in 1506.

Ferdinand Magellan • During this journey, starting in 1519, Magellan • Ferdinand Magellan, born in of 1480 in America northernand traveled down the eastern coast South Portugal, was near raised the talk of fabulous reached a strait thearound very bottom, passed through explorers and amazing discoveries, making him it, and named it after himself, the Strait of Magellan. want tonamed see thetheworld. by fighting He also ocean He thatdid liedthis beyond it which in Captain Balboa found, the Ocean. was the battle of Malacca and. Pacific Morocco for. Itthe named this because of its calm Mutinies Portuguese and sailing with waters. them on a journey occurred during this time as well a scurvy, killing to conquer Melaka and seek the Spice Islands. many crew member onboard. Later, they reached • After kicked Portugal, where he joined a Guam, being Moluccas, andout the of Philippines Magellan monastery study his thecrew arts of died in 1521 and frombegan a war to between and the exploration: logs, andinmaps. Heand natives, endingcharts, up withpilots’ a poison arrow his foot alater spear through his presented anheart. idea of finding a route to the Indies through the a. New World to crew Kingleft Charles • Sebastian del Cano, member of the after I Magellan the journey and returned to of Spain, died, who finished enthusiastically agreed. He was Spain, goingships through the Indian Ocean, around given five called the Santiago, the Cape of Good the Hope, up the western side of and Conception, Sanand Antonio, the Victoria, Africa. In Spain, is remembered as the firsttitle manof to the Trinidad. Hehewould also be given circumnavigate thenew globe while in the rest of the governor to any lands that he found on his world, since many of the European countries hated way. Spain, like England, said that Magellan was the first • globe. man to circumnavigate the globe.

Francisco Pizzaro • Francisco Pizzaro, born in 1475 to an army officer, was a shipmate with Captain Balboa as he discovered the Pacific Ocean after crossing the Isthmus of Panama. He stayed in Panama until the allure of riches in South America tempted him to go there. • He tried and failed two times then, with the help of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, he set sail, once again, to conquer. • Pizzaro marched to the Incan city of Tumbes, which was in rubbles from a recent war, and was easily taken over. In a short time, all of Peru was under his grasp and he moved towards Chile and its gold. His ally, Diego Almargo, conquered the city of Cuzco, the Incan capital, and enraged Pizzaro in the process. Pizzaro had Almargo executed and was then killed by Almargo’s son for revenge in 1541.

The English England had a vast array of colonies from the Pacific to Atlantic, making it the largest Empire in the world. England’s largest and most prominent colonies were the American colonies and Australia. The American colonies were used for their natural resources and ability to produce large amounts of food. England has a long history of banishing religious groups, such as the Mormons and the Amish. It also largely participated in the triangular slave trade. This involves competed products exported from Europe and being shipped to Africa. It is exchanged their for slaves who are shipped of to the American colonies who exchange them for raw materials which get shipped off to Europe. Then the cycle starts again. This was a part of the Columbian Exchange, in which Europe and the New World exchanged not only goods and customs but diseases as well. Australia was a prison island that was used to banish prisoners out of the overflowing jails. This was its only real purpose and Australia did not supply England with many resources. There are many explorers who discovered new lands, allowing England later Great Britain to grow to its enormous size. Some of the explorers are listed below: • Sir Francis Drake • Henry Hudson • Sir Walter Raleigh • Abel Tasman • Captain James Cook

Sir Francis Drake • Sir Francis Drake, born in 1545 in England, was the first Englishman and second European to circumnavigate the globe. He took a different route than Magellan and del Cano because he went all the way up the west coast of North America to California or Vancouver and founded the colony of Nova Albion for Queen Elizabeth I. Its location was a secret so no one know how far Drake actually went up the west coast. After that, he sailed across the Pacific, back through the Indian Ocean, and up Africa to Europe. During this endeavor, Drake pirated Spanish ships near Panama and landed on the island of Cano near Mexico. • Later in his life, Drake fought against and defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 when he was second in command. The dispute was over the slave-trade which was very profitable for the Spanish. He was such an excellent fighter at sea that the Spanish called him “El Draque”, which means The Dragon. He died shortly after in 1596.

Henry Hudson • Born in 1565 in England, Henry Hudson was trying to find a northern passage to the Orient. He tried four times, and failed. His first try was with the Muscovy Company in 1607 which, as expected, failed due to icy conditions, but he managed to explore some of Greenland also discovered new whale hunting territory. • On his second voyage in 1608, Hudson tried again and failed to discover the Northeastern Passage. He went as far as Novaya Zemlya, an archipelago north or Russia, before he had to turn back. • Hudson later joined the Dutch East India Company and in 1609 tried to discover the Northeastern Passage for a third time. He was, again, blocked by ice in Russia but backtracked and ended up in Nova Scotia. • On his last and final journey 1610, Hudson left from England went to the southern-most tip of Greenland, entering a waterway later called the Hudson Strait. He then found the Hudson Bay and James Bay but came to a dead end. His crew was so mad at Hudson that they cast him adrift in the ocean, along with his son and some crew members, to die. This act of mutiny occurred in 1611.

Sir Walter Raleigh • Sir Walter Raleigh was born in 1554 in Hayes Barton in Devon. He was a favorite of Queen Elizabeth I and was the man who sponsored the first two attempts in colonizing North America at Roanoke. The first of the two colonies was unsuccessful and the second one was mysteriously disappeared. • His failures were slightly diminished by the discovery of the potato which he brought back with him to Ireland. This discovery greatly helped the Irish economy. • He later searched for El Dorado but was executed in 1618 when he conflicted with the Spanish after James I became King.

Captain James Cook • His second voyage lead him to the Antarctic Circle. Unknowingly circumnavigating and Cook, comingborn up with the in idea that • Antarctica Captain James in 1728 Marton-in Antarctica Cook alsothe discovered the -Cleveland, existed. England, joined Royal Navy islands Tonga, Hebrides, His thirdofand final. New journey was in. Easter search. Island, of a and the Cook Islands while visiting Tonga on northwestern passage in which he discovered the way. Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands). Cook • His thirdthat andallfinal journey was. Polynesian in search of a noticed of the different northwestern passage in which he discovered islands had many cultural and lingual the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Cook characteristics that were similar. Islands). He then went noticed that allcoast of theofdifferent Polynesian to the western North America looking islands had many passage cultural but andreturned lingual to the for the northwest characteristics thatfor were similar. He then Sandwich Islands repairs. There, Cookwent was to the western coast of North America looking killed by the once friendly natives in 1779. for the northwest passage but returned to the Sandwich Islands for repairs. There, Cook was killed by the once friendly natives in 1779.

Dutch Abel Tasman • Abel Tasman was born in Lutjegast, Gröningen in 1603 and became part of the Dutch East India Company in his late twenties. He quickly rose up in the ranks. He was then assigned to explore the mass continent Terra Australis Incognita, or the Great South Land, and find routes for trade with China and Chile. • During this voyage, in 1642, Tasman discovered the southern Australian island of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), which he claimed for the Dutch East India Company, New Zealand, where he was attacked by native Maori islanders and mistook it for South America, the small island of Tonga, and the first European to see the Fiji Islands. This mission was considered a failure because no new trade connections were established. • On his second journey, in 1643, Tasman was assigned to discover if New Guinea was part of Great South Land. When he ventured out to uncover the truth, he completely missed the Torres Strait that splits the two and called them one giant land mass. • He died in Batavia in 1659.