The Age of Exploration 15 th and 16

The Age of Exploration 15 th and 16 th centuries

Technological Advancements • Renaissance ideas were applied to exploration – Magnetic compass – Cannon – Caravel • Smaller, wind-powered ship • Portuguese invention – Astrolabe • Determined latitude, direction north or south of Equator – Better Maps

1507 Waldseemuller Map

Why Explore? • God – Spread the Catholic religion, primarily • Gold – Financial opportunities: gold, silver, spices – Leaders want more $ and support exploration (Henry the Navigator) • Glory – The ability to brag or be the best Euro country. • Gateway – Access to other markets #1 motive: Material Profit…$, supplies

Portuguese Symbolism in Art

Portugal: 1 st to Explore • Goals of exploration: – Christianize – Gold – Access to spice markets in India • Supported by Prince Henry the Navigator, King Manuel I • Got in on gold trade in the Mediterranean Sea – Made $ necessary for more expeditions • Will own Brazil by 1500 – Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Treaty of Tordesillas Spain Portugal

Manuelian Architecture

Portuguese Explorers • Bartholomew Diaz, 1478 – Sailed to the Cape of Good Hope (Africa) • Vasco da Gama, 1497 -1499 – Sailed to India, returned with spices & cloth

Lisbon, Portugal

Lisbon, Portugal Entrance Port to Europe

Christopher Columbus • An Italian who sailed for King Ferdinand Queen Isabella of Spain – Cristobal Columbo – Columbus begged K & Q for $ for exploration • Spain had gone through the reconquista – Expulsion of the Muslim Moors from Granada • Bad guy in history – – – Raped, killed, enslaved natives, Hispaniola, 1496 (Dominican Republic) Didn’t find America first Had no idea where he was. India? China? Can we judge him? • Maybe not…no moral compass

Spanish Governing • Established 4 viceroyalies or divisions of “new world” territory with 4 governors • Mercantilism: colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country (Spain) • Didn’t allow for self-rule or native industry – Perhaps a reason why much of S. A. and Mexico are considered “ 3 rd World” countries?

Moorish Influence

Ferdinand Magellan • Magellan, Spain 1519 – Sailed by order of Charles V (H. R. Emperor, Spanish Habsburg) – Sailed around Cape Horn (South America) – Explored Philippines (named after Philip II, H. R. E. ) – Proved earth was round, bigger than thought

Hernando Cortes • Cortes, Spain 1519 – Explored Mexico – Captured Aztec leader, Montezuma • Montezuma’s revenge – Made Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) the capital city of “New Spain”

Francisco Pizarro • Pizarro, Spain 15311536 – Explored Peru in S. America – Destroyed the Incan Empire – Lima became the capital city

John Cabot • Cabot, England 1497 – An Italian (same area as Columbus) – “Discovered” Newfoundland when trying to get to Brazil (Portuguese land) – No spices or gold for Henry VII, went back to England

Jacques Cartier • Cartier, France 15341541 – Explored the St. Lawrence River & Canada – Explored near Quebec • Quebec is a French speaking province of Canada

Dutch East India Company • Founded in 1602, The Netherlands • Government supported company • Explored solely for material gain

Impact of Exploration • Columbian Exchange (Columbus) – Exchange of plants and animals: • Corn or maize, sugar cane • Horses, cows, sheep – Exchange of disease: • Euros brought smallpox • Natives gave Syphilis • High death toll of natives – Migration of people to “new world”